Since 1990, India’s economy has grown almost sixfold, to US$9.16 trillion in 2019 in purchasing power parity terms – the third-largest in the world.10 Cities contributed 63% of GDP in 2011, and that share is expected to rise to 75% by 2030.11 An analysis of urban GDP growth to 2035 found all 10 of the world’s fastest- growing cities would be in India, with Surat, Agra and Bengaluru topping the lis. [...] Heat waves in several cities have created deadly conditions,80 and a study of major cities found average summer temperatures in Mumbai, Kolkata and Delhi are already dangerously high and rising.81 As cities sprawl and are increasingly paved over, urban heat island effects are becoming more pronounced – and exacerbating the impacts of climate change.82 In Mumbai, for example, 94% of the land has be. [...] Efficiency improvements saved the equivalent of 15% of energy demand and avoided 300 Mt CO2 of emissions in India between 2000 and 2018.105 Through its Bureau of Energy Efficiency, the Ministry of Power has initiated energy efficiency initiatives in lighting, commercial buildings and appliances, as well as demand-side management in agriculture and industry. [...] The third modelling exercise that informed our analysis was by the Marron Institute of Urban Management at New York University, which examined the scale and composition of the conversion of land to urban purposes in each of the six countries in the period 2000–2014. [...] From the urban missions, to the National Infrastructure Pipeline, the Government of India’s ambitious agenda has the potential to transform cities for the better, building resilience and accelerating decarbonisation while improving living conditions for all.
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