Even though the average monthly change of electricity, gas and ‘fuels and lubricants for transport’ is almost identical in the period of 1995-2021, the standard deviation (a measure of volatility) of diesel and petrol is more than double that of gas and almost triple that of electricity (see Table 1). [...] electricity prices Comparing estimates of the weighted average cost of electricity generation in are at least 150% Europe in the first half of 2022 to average wholesale electricity prices in above Germany in August 2022 shows a massive price differential, with wholesale production costs prices around two and a half times as high as the high estimate for production costs. [...] of the recent Household energy is a component of the consumer prices index (CPI), and the consumer price weights of fossil fuel and electricity account for around 10% of the overall inflation basket of goods and services included in the CPI (gas and fuels account for around 7% and electricity for around 3%). [...] For households in the bottom 20% of the income distribution, the share of household energy costs in overall household 4 The best available deals for a Berlin postcode on 15 September 2022, according to the German check24.de price comparison website. [...] In response to the recent increases in fossil to address the fuel prices, the German government has heavily intervened and introduced a energy price number of measures to tackle the rising cost of energy for households and increases in businesses.