BEYOND THE LIBERAL AND ILLIBERAL PARADOXES: THE ANOCRATIC HUMP IN REFUGEE PROTECTION AND ASYLUM RECOGNITION

Joppke (1998) also pointed out that the legal systems, predicated on political independence, the rule of law, and the overall prioritization of the rights of the individual vis-à-vis those of the government, worked to protect foreigners from arbitrary expulsion and conferred the ability to remain on-territory. [...] This is followed by a section on data and methodology, which describes the construction of the dataset, the variables selected and the rationale for the selection, and finally the modelling approach adopted for the regressions. [...] The balance of power between the individual and the state shifted in favour of the individual and their rights, regardless of national origin, over the interests of the state (Soysal 1994; Sassen 1996). [...] The UNHCR 17 Other data sources consulted in the construction of the dataset and for the derivation of additional variables include the UN Population Division, the World Bank, the Standardized World Income Inequality Database (SWIID) (Solt 2009), and the Correlates of War (COW) database (Sarkees and Wayman 2010). [...] Of note, the association between the number of refugees hosted per thousand and the economic variables – GDP per capita and GDP per capita (log) – and income inequality are also statistically significant, although in the case of 30 GDP per capita the size of the effect is small, and the relationship appears to reverse from positive to negative at a certain point of economic development.