POL ICY PAPER: OPPORTUNIT IES TO BETTER COMBAT THE SPREAD OF

26% of respondents were between the ages of 16 and 24, 41% were between the ages of 25 and 44 and 33% were over the age of 45. [...] Members of marginalized groups must constantly navigate questions like "how do we interact with our communities?" and "how are we allowed to express ourselves?" Regulations therefore have to go beyond user level moderation and terms-of-service reforms and instead target the systemic roots of engagement-bias and the business model and development of the social media platforms and search engines. [...] Personal Nature of Online Hate Speech Building off the impact and nature of online harms, the personal nature of attacks came up in the panel on online hate against women in particular. [...] Weaponized by malign foreign and domestic actors, these attacks threaten democratic institutions and have important ramifications for global peace and security and the broader human rights system.” A weak democracy is susceptible to foreign subterfuge where conspiracy theories and harmful tropes can gain stronger footing in the absence of diverse perspectives and lead to the manipulation of politi. [...] Key challenges when considering policy recommendations include: the sheer scale of content online and the wide reaching effects of online attacks, the role of identity as a influencing factor for both perpetrator and victim groups, the impact of algorithms on the content we see and the propagation of hate speech, the impact and often personal nature of online hate speech, the role of anonymity as.