Quantifying ‘promising trials bias’in randomised controlled trials in education

First, the majority of the identified measurement tools have not been evaluated for all aspects of reliability and validity, and only seven measurement tools met the common acceptability thresholds for more than two areas of psychometric evidence. [...] First, the majority of the identified measurement tools have not been evaluated for all aspects of reliability and validity, and only seven measurement tools met the common acceptability thresholds for more than two areas of psychometric evidence. [...] Due to the different definitions for MLD and the varying views of its causes in relation to non-symbolic and symbolic magnitude processing, measurement tools that aim to identify children with or at-risk of MLD differ widely in terms of the mathematical abilities covered. [...] However, as the evaluation of the English and Spanish versions of the Birthday Party assessment (Lee, 2016), and the English and Greek versions of the PENS-B screener (Purpura et al., 2015) were conducted separately, the synthesis of psychometric properties henceforth refers to 38 assessments and 23 screeners. [...] First, the majority of the identified measurement tools have not been evaluated for all aspects of reliability and validity and few tools met the common acceptability thresholds for these indicators.