Institute for Economics & Peace Analysing the factors that build, predict and sustain peace POSITIVE

Government Effectiveness captures perceptions of the Government quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and Worldwide Well-Functioning Institutions Effectiveness: the degree of its independence from political pressures, the Governance 0.80 Government Estimate quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the Indicatorscredibility of the government's commitment to such. [...] Rule of Law captures perceptions of the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society, Worldwide Institutions Rule of Law: Estimate and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, property Governance 0.83 rights, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of Indicators crime and violence. [...] Russia was the only country in the region to Change in average regional scores, record a deterioration in Positive Peace in the past decade, while 2013–2022 Belarus and the Kyrgyz Republic remained unchanged, however North America was the only region to record a substantial Belarus has recorded the largest deterioration globally since deterioration in Positive Peace over the past decade. [...] The civil war that started nine years ago has left the country’s economic infrastructure destroyed and resources depleted, with the UN in 2019 describing the humanitarian crisis in the country as the “worst in the world.” The UN estimates that 21.6 million Yemenis, or 70 per cent of the population, need humanitarian assistance. [...] • In the years following the pandemic, countries with higher levels of Positive Peace experienced a global • Improvements in the PPI were mainly due to the resurgence in Positive Peace, with the higher the level Structures domain of Positive Peace, which improved by of Positive Peace the faster the recovery.