Summary 2 Introduction 4 Results 5

The land presently used for farming within each of the studied countries and the area of land used to produce food they import We designed three scenarios to illustrate the extent to which conventional meat and dairy products could be displaced by alternative proteins and estimate the consequences for land use (see methods, page 18). [...] The area of land farmed in each of the studied countries (solid colours) and the area used to produce imports (hashed area) and the amount of that land that is freed up by the ‘high innovation’ alternative proteins scenario (blue outlined boxes) Alternative proteins, therefore, create space for governments to direct land towards other uses. [...] Outcomes of the ‘low intervention’ and ‘high innovation’ alternative protein scenarios in France, Romania and Sweden in terms of domestic land use, overseas land use and demand for greenhouse gas removal 13 In contrast, regardless of the amount of meat and dairy displaced by alternative proteins, the UK, Italy and Germany continue to need engineered carbon removal to reach net zero and land overse. [...] Outcomes of the ‘low intervention’ and ‘high innovation’ alternative protein scenarios in Denmark and the Netherlands in terms of domestic land use, overseas land use and demand for greenhouse gas removal We estimated the energy needed to produce the alternative proteins in our ‘high innovation’ scenario was in the region of 300-700TWh, which would require 0.1-0.2 per cent of the countries’ combin. [...] Therefore, we assumed the same proportion of imported crops are fed to livestock as for domestic crops, and converted this to land area using de Ruiter, et al, (2016) who estimated the footprint of crops imported to Europe at 0.11ha/t and to the UK at 0.22ha/t.27 This allowed calculation of the area of feed and pasture used to produce the meat and dairy consumed in each country and exported from t.