HimalDoc_Adapting to climate change in the tropical fruit industryb - a technical guide

Table of Contents

• Abbreviations 9
• Acknowledgements 10
• Executive summary 13
• Chapter 1. Introduction to the guide 21
• 1.1 Global significance of climate change and its impact on agriculture: Why is adaptation needed? 21
• 1.2 Climate change and its impact on global tropical fruit production and trade 23
• 1.3 Pineapples as important tropical fruit exports at risk of climate change impacts 26
• 1.4 The Responsible Fruits Project and FAO’s Strategy on Climate Change 27
• 1.5 Purpose of the guide and who is it for? 29
• 1.6 Methodology and limitations of the guide 29
• 1.7 Structure of the guide 31
• Chapter 2. Scope of the guide 33
• 2.1 Pineapple production and export 33
• 2.2 Climate trends affecting key producing and exporting countries 36
• 2.3 Nationally determined contributions and the importance of National Adaptation Plans for the agriculture sector 41
• Chapter 3. Climate risks facing pineapple production 47
• 3.1 Temperature 48
• 3.2 Precipitation 51
• 3.3 Soil health 52
• 3.4 Strong winds 53
• 3.5 Pests and diseases 53
• 3.6 Soil erosion 54
• Chapter 4. Climate change adaptation strategies for pineapple production 57
• 4.1 Agroforestry 59
• 4.2 Control natural flowering through artificial induction 61
• 4.3 Crop rotation 62
• 4.4 Drainage systems 64
• 4.5 Early warning systems and monitoring systems 67
• 4.6 Integrated pest management (IPM) 70
• 4.7 Intercropping 76
• 4.8 Integrated management of agricultural water resources 77
• 4.9 Mulching and cover crops 81
• 4.10 Solar protectors 85
• 4.11 Waste management 89
• 4.12 Windbreaks and living fences 92
• Chapter 5. Discussion and conclusions 97
• Annex 1. Suggested resources 103
• Technical and guidance publications and articles 103
• Toolboxes and websites 105
• Policy briefs and full publications 106
• References 107
• Figure 1. Major tropical fruits: Share of 2022 (preliminary) export quantities by type, measured in USD billion, constant dollar (2014–2016) and tonnes 26
• Figure 2. Map of global pineapple production distribution 34
• Figure 3. Pineapple export quantities from the leading exporters 2018-2022 (preliminary data for 2022) 35
• Figure 4. Mean temperatures projected by 2100, by SSP model and pineapple producing country 37
• Figure 5. Projected precipitation by 2100, reference period 1995–2014, for pineapple producing countries 38
• Figure 6. Precipitation change rate by 2100 using the SPSP2-4.5 model in pineapple producing countries 38
• Figure 7. Private sector entry-points in the NDC planning related to the agriculture sectors, by region and subsector 43
• Figure 8. Pineapple plantation grown in an agroforestry system in Ghana 59
• Figure 9. Surface drainage system by open ditches 65
• Figure 10. Sub-surface drainage system using buried drains 66
• Figure 11. Efficient drainage system and water level control is crucial in the cultivation of pineapple in low lying Mekong delta in Viet Nam 67
• Figure 12. Information flow in an early warning system 68
• Figure 13. Mechanical weed removal in Kenya 75
• Figure 14. Intercropping system of pineapple and maize crop in Mexico 76
• Figure 15. Keyline design as an example of for integrated water management in agriculture 78
• Figure 16. Example of agricultural waste from pineapple plants to be used for mulching 82
• Figure 17. Use of plastic mulch and cover crops in a pineapple plantation in Ghana 83
• Figure 18. Tractor with modified equipment used to lay silver shine plastic mulch for pineapple cultivation in Malaysia 84
• Figure 19. Use of different shade nets to protect pineapple from direct sun 87
• Figure 20. Reusable, plastic covers are used to prevent sun scorch on MD-2 pineapples in Malaysia 87
• Figure 21. Pineapple productive system under natural shade in western Mexico 88
• Figure 22. Pineapple by-products extracted from different fruit parts 90
• Figure 23. Sandals made from pineapple residues by ASOPROPIMOPLA in the Dominican Republic 92
• Figure 24. Design of living fences or windbreaks combining trees and bushes 93
• Figure 25. Use of vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides) as living fence in the drainage channels 94
• Table 1. Impacts of climate change on the phenology of fruit crops 24
• Table 2. Overview of temperature and precipitation trends associated with climate change in selected pineapple producing countries 39
• Table 3. Summary of the support provided by the NAP-Ag Programme to countries for the development of their NAPs 44
• Table 4. Main climate risks and other associated impacts and threats for pineapple production 48
• Table 5. Increased temperature impact on pineapple production 49
• Table 6. Summary of impacts of water deficit or excess on pineapple production 51
• Table 7. Prevalent pests and diseases present in pineapple production in Costa Rica 54
• Table 8. List of climate adaptation practices and climate hazards and impacts they address 58
• Table 9. Biological control methods identified for pineapple pathogens (non-exhaustive) 72
• Table 10. By-products derived from pineapple residues (non-exhaustive) 91
• Table 11. Recommended species for living fences or windbreaks for pineapple plantations (non-exhaustive) 95
• Box 1. Example from Nicoverde, a pineapple company using biological control methods in Costa Rica 73
• Box 2. Drainage systems and soil management practices used by ASOPROPIMOPLA in the Dominican Republic 80
• Box 3. Example of an integrated approach of soil and natural resources management in Costa Rica 85
• Box 4. Example of the use of living fences and reforestation to deal with a changing climate in Costa Rica 96