The Path to 5G in the Developing World: Planning Ahead for a Smooth Transition

Table of Contents

• Front Cover 1
• Contents 9
• Foreword 13
• Acknowledgments 15
• Executive Summary 17
• Abbreviations 25
• Chapter 1 Overview of 5G Technology: Capabilities and Global Adoption Trends 29
• Key Messages 29
• Introduction 30
• 5G Design Principles, Capabilities, and Enabling Technologies 32
• Costs and Investment Challenges 44
• Global 5G Deployment and Adoption Status 45
• 5G and Implications for the Digital Divide 48
• Notes 49
• Bibliography 50
• Chapter 2 5G-Enabled Economic Growth and Potential Applications for Smart Cities, Energy, Transport, and Agriculture 59
• Key Messages 59
• Benefits and Potential Impact of 5G Adoption 60
• 5G and Industry 4.0 62
• 5G and the SDGs 62
• 5G Use Cases in Four Industry Verticals 63
• Conclusion 71
• Bibliography 72
• Chapter 3 Managing the Risks of 5G Networks 79
• Key Messages 79
• Introduction 80
• Cybersecurity Risks 80
• Sustainability Risks: 5G’s Carbon Footprint and Impact on E-Waste 0
• Health Risks 94
• Notes 98
• Bibliography 100
• Chapter 4 Regulatory Imperatives, Policy Challenges, and Recommendations for Action 105
• Key Messages 105
• Introduction 105
• Spectrum Management 107
• Regulatory Frameworks 115
• Institutional Governance and Capacity Building 121
• Conclusion 123
• Notes 124
• Bibliography 126
• Appendixes 135
• Appendix A Selected International Standards for Assessing and Limiting Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Emissions 137
• Appendix B Selection of National Strategies Designed to Facilitate 5G-Enabling Environments 139
• Boxes 37
• Box 1.1 5G frequency ranges, spectrum bands, and usage scenarios 37
• Box 1.2 Will 5G fixed wireless access advance or remain as asupplementary option in broadband markets? 46
• Box 4.1 Facilitating 5G deployment through infrastructure sharing in India 116
• Box 4.2 A roadmap for the path to 5G in developing countries 123
• Figures 40
• Figure 1.1 Active antenna systems and mMIMO 40
• Figure 1.2 GSM Association forecasts for global backhaul connections, 2025 and 2027 43
• Figure 1.3 Disaggregated fronthaul, midhaul, and backhaul links 44
• Figure 2.1 Industry sales enabled by 5G: Forecasts for 2035 61
• Figure 3.1 Summary of the 5G threat surface 84
• Figure 3.2 Mobile network electricity consumption to 2030 92
• Figure 3.3 Radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum 95
• Figure 4.1 Capital spending for 5G, 2020–25 (US$, billions) 106
• Photo 39
• Photo 1.1 5G base station with a 64T64R mMIMO radio antenna array 39
• Tables 33
• Table 1.1 Key target capabilities of 4G and 5G 33
• Table 1.2 Proposed 5G usage scenarios and use case examples 34
• Table 1.3 Frequency bands internationally designated for IMT identification 36
• Table 1.4 Summary of performance variables for 5G spectrum 38
• Table 1.5 Current alternatives for backhaul media 43
• Table 2.1 Potential digital transformation in selected vertical sectors 61
• Table 2.2 Three examples of the beneficial use of 5G in the power industry 66
• Table 2.3 5G and other technologies in the agriculture sector 70
• Table 2.4 Status of 5G-enabled agriculture as of 2020 71
• Table 3.1 5G threat surface, by network segment 85
• Table 3.2 Summary of potential risks for various 5G user groups 87
• Table 3.3 Recommendations for countries without a current 5G implementation process 89
• Table 3.4 Recommendations for countries planning 5G implementations 89
• Table 3.5 Recommendations for countries in the process of implementing 5G 90
• Table 4.1 Authorization regimes for private 5G networks 110
• Table A.1 Overview of selected organizations and standards 137
• Table B.1 Additional examples of national 5G strategy documents in developing countries 143