A Pathway to Decarbonization of the Vehicle Fleet in Serbia and the role of Electric Mobility

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Table of Contents

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• _Int_K0bV41OT 93
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• Abbreviations 9
• Executive Summary 10
• 1. Introduction 13
• 2. E-Mobility in the European Union 16
• 2.1. EV fleet and physical infrastructure characteristics 16
• 2.1.1. Trends in private EV purchases and importance of physical infrastructure 16
• 2.1.2. Government EV fleets, city logistics, and corporate 17
• 2.1.3. EVs in public transportation 18
• 2.1.4. Micromobility 19
• 2.2. Regulatory enablers—Effective regulatory framework 20
• 2.2.1. EU Directives 20
• 2.2.2. Strategies 23
• 2.3. Technology enablers 24
• 2.4. Economic enablers—Incentive schemes 25
• 2.5. Institutional enablers—E-Mobilitymarket 29
• 2.5.1. Market organization 29
• 2.5.2. Pricing 30
• 2.6 Main takeaways relevant for the Serbian context 32
• 3. E–Mobility Ecosystem 33
• in Serbia as of 2021 33
• 3.1. Energy sector overview 33
• 3.2. Characteristics of transportation sector 35
• 3.2.1. Motorization 35
• 3.2.2. Road and rail transportation 37
• 3.2.3. Urban mobility 38
• 3.2.4. Role of Public Transportation 39
• 3.2.5. Micromobility 39
• 3.3. E-Mobilityin Serbia 40
• 3.4. Institutional and legal framework 42
• 3.4.1. Institutional framework 43
• 3.4.2. Planning and strategic framework for E-Mobility 44
• 3.4.3. Assessment of existing regulatory framework 45
• 3.4.4. Suggestions for regulatory framework improvements 46
• 3.5. Main takeaways 49
• 4. E-Mobilityin Serbia: 51
• Challenges and Opportunities 51
• 4.1. Challenges 51
• 4.1.1. Power system capacity 51
• 4.1.2. Grid preparation 51
• 4.1.3. Energy price fluctuations and tariff setting 52
• 4.1.4. Nonexistent governance structure and unregulated E-Mobilitymarket 52
• 4.1.5 High (upfront) cost of EVs 53
• 4.1.6 Outdated fleet and road as dominant mode of transportation 53
• 4.2. Opportunities 53
• 4.2.1. EV maintenance, servicing, and repairs 53
• 4.2.2. Reuse of lithium-ion batteries 53
• 4.2.3. Making transportation more accessible and inclusive 54
• 4.2.4. Designing regulatory environment based on best practices 54
• 4.2.5. Technology 54
• 4.2.6. Long-term energy sector development strategy 54
• 4.3. SWOT Analysis 55
• 4.3.1. Importance of legal and institutional coherence 55
• 4.3.2. SWOT analysis—Approach and results 55
• 4.3.3. SWOT analysis—Conclusion 55
• 5. Proposed E-Mobilitymodel 59
• for Serbia 59
• 5.1 Vehicle fleet decarbonization scenarios 60
• 5.1.1. Main inputs 60
• 5.1.2. Explored scenarios 61
• 5.1.3. Estimated environmental impacts under each scenario 64
• 5.2 Incentive program to drive a change 65
• 5.2.1 Incentives for decarbonization of bus fleets 67
• 5.2.2. Incentives for decarbonizing passenger car fleet 68
• 5.2.3. Incentives for freight, including city logistics 69
• 5.3. Defining the market model 70
• 5.3.1. Governance structure and market model 71
• 5.3.2. Pricing strategy 72
• 5.3.3. Charging infrastructure strategy 72
• 5.4. Implications for the roadmap 74
• 6. E-Mobilityroadmap for Serbia 75
• 6.1. Vision 75
• 6.2. Strategic areas underpinning E-Mobility roadmap 75
• 6.3. Prioritizing actions 75
• 6.4. Roadmap structure 77
• 6.5. Detailed description of each activity 77
• 6.5.1. Establishing a governance structure and concept for the market model 77
• 6.5.2. Developing an adequate regulatory framework 79
• 6.5.3. Developing an adequate planning framework 81
• 6.5.4. Decarbonizing bus fleet 82
• 6.5.5. Decarbonizing passenger cars 84
• 6.5.6. Decarbonizing freight (including urban logistics) 85
• 6.5.7. Deploying charging network 86
• 6.5.8. Implementing social and awareness raising measures 86
• 6.5.9. Investing in human capital, industry, and research and development 87
• 6.5.10. Shifting to electric transportation modes (rail, trams, trolleybuses, e-bikes) 88
• 6.5.11. Decarbonizing electricity generation and ensuring power grid adequacy 89
• 6.6. Roadmap summary 90
• 7. Conclusion and 92
• Final Recommendations 92