This trend is in line with global adoption of CCTV cameras, with countries such as China and Russia leading the way in the use of CCTV surveillance, followed by populous cities in the UK, South Korea and the USA.20 The increased adoption of FRT by government entities providing public services seeks to capitalize on the gains of efficiency and accuracy.21 Newer uses of FRT systems allow the identif. [...] Additionally, due to the nature of the actors implementing FRT systems for security uses, the consequences of inaccuracy due to misidentification, perturbations, or bias within the FRT system may lead to gross violations of a person’s right to life and liberty.34 Further, there is potentially flawed incentivisation in the deployment of FRT systems, the consequences of which can be dire. [...] This includes the Charter of the Fundamental Rights of the European Union, 2000, Data Protection Act, 2018 and the UK-GDPR.40 In 2020, the Court of Appeal held that the use of live automated FRT was unlawful. [...] The Digi Yatra Foundation (‘DYF’), a not-for-profit company under Section 8 of the Companies Act, 2013 was established in 2019 for the implementation of the Digi Yatra Central Ecosystem.46 In 2021, the DYF approached NITI Aayog to identify a start-up for the development of Digi Yatra Central Ecosystem and assess the usability of the same and promote Indian start-ups. [...] scrutiny to ensure that the deployment • The possibility and likelihood of errors, of the AI system is and the SOP in case of such errors impartial, accountable should be specified in the policy.
Authors
- Pages
- 92
- Published in
- India
Table of Contents
- RESPONSIBLE AI 3
- AIFORALL 3
- Adopting the Framework A Use Case Approach on 3
- Facial Recognition Technology 3
- CONTENTS 9
- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11
- TION INTRODUC 14
- I. RESPONSI 18
- AS A 19
- CEPT 19
- II. FRT 19
- CON 19
- B. Rise in use of FRT 21
- C. Categorising the applications of FRT 22
- A. FRT systems launched in India 26
- ES OF ALLY 26
- INDIA B 26
- III. EXAMPL FRT USE IN 26
- AND GLOB 26
- B. FRT applications deployed in foreign jurisdictions 27
- A. Design-based risks of FRT systems 28
- FRT 28
- IV. RISKS OF 28
- B. Rights-based challenges to use of FRT systems 30
- V. REGULATORY 33
- ASPECTS OF FRT 33
- A CASE STUDY OF DIGI YATRA 37
- A. The Digi Yatra programme 39
- B. Potential benefits 40
- C. Legal aspects of Digi Yatra 42
- D. RAI principles and Digi Yatra Evaluation and Recommendations 45
- E. Actionable recommendations to ensure 53
- ANNEX 1 EXAMPLES OF FRT SYSTEMS 63
- DEPLOYED IN INDIA 63
- ANNEX 2 EXAMPLES OF FRT SYSTEMS 68
- DEPLOYED IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS 68
- ANNEX 3 - DESIGN-BASED RISKS 71
- 1. Inaccuracy due to technical factors 71
- 2. Inaccuracy due to bias or underrepresentation 72
- 3. Inaccuracy due to lack of training of human agents 73
- 4. Inaccuracy due to deliberate tweaks in images 74
- 6. Accountability legal liability and grievance 75
- 5. Security risks due to data breaches and 75
- 7. Opaque nature of FRT systems 76
- 1. Puttaswamy on privacy and informational 78
- ANNEX 4 - RIGHTS-BASED 78
- RISKS 78
- 2. Issues of informational autonomy 78
- 3. Legal thresholds applicable to FRT systems 79
- 4. Anonymity as a facet of privacy 80
- ANNEX 5 - CROSS JURISDICTIONAL REGULATORY COMPARISION 82
- A. European Union 82
- B. United Kingdom 83
- C. United States 84
- D. Australia 87
