Historians (Andelman 1997; MacMillan 2003 ; Neiberg 2017) have traced the current security situation to the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Sykes–Picot Agreement (1916) after World War I, which divided up the spoils of war in the Near East according to the preferences of the victorious, and not taking into account the intricate histories and cultures of the numer- ous ethnicities, relations, an. [...] In effect, challenges of nation-building and the framework of what constitutes a nation- state in the Middle East still exist amidst other challenges of globalization and the fluidity of ideas and peoples in relation to diversity and the inclusion/ exclusion of ethnic/religious identities which have existed since the carving up of the Middle East and the emergence of the nation-state. [...] Second, with the 9/11 attacks in 2001 , security measurements exponen- tially increased in North America and eventually throughout the rest of the world, where border-related issues were to be dealt with in a series of cross- border agreements, for the purpose of monitoring the movement of people in and out of the countries, as they became viewed as one and the same as those who instigate terroris. [...] As the path towards applying the LPA faltered, UNSMIL stepped in to try to guide it back to establishing political dialogue to actualize a united government.10 Nevertheless, it was the unwillingness of all parties, especially regional stakeholders, to commit to the roadmap of the LPA and the UN process that resulted in the halting of Libya’s path towards stability. [...] The involvement of the UNSMIL worsened the situation, as the UN lost credibility in November 2015 owing to the questionable legitimacy of the UN process as a result of a scandal involving UNSMIL’s Head of Mission’s alleged ties with the UAE, an ally of Haftar (Miller and Mezran 2018).
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- Published in
- Lebanon
