The Heterogeneous Impacts of Digital Transformation and Investment on Indonesia’s Labour Market

Table of Contents

• The Heterogeneous Impacts of Digital Transformation and Investment on Indonesia’s Labour Market 1
• 3.1. Data and Methodology 8
• 3.2. Results 10
• 3.3. Heterogeneous Role of Certified Training on Attenuating Skill-biased Technological Change 12
• 4.1. Data and Methodology 14
• 4.2. Results 14
• Evidence of job polarisation and factors driving job polarisation in Indonesia 14
• 4.2. Sources of Job Polarisation 18
• 4.3. Evolution of Task Content of Jobs and Their Wage Returns 26
• 4.4. Complementarity and Substitutability of Digital Task Content 27
• 4.5. Heterogeneous Returns to Digital Task Content of Jobs 28
• 4.6. Who are More Likely to Hold Jobs with Certain Task Content? 34
• 5.1. Data 35
• 5.2. Digital Investment in Indonesia: Descriptive Statistics 37
• 5.3. Methodology 44
• 5.4. Results 46
• Wage estimation 46
• Employment estimation 48
• References 64
• Annex 71
• Annex 1: Industry Code-Based Definition of the Digital Sector 71
• Annex 2: Methodological Note: RIF Regression 73