The energy sector of Panama: Climate change adaptation challenges

Table of Contents

• Sugarcane Bioenergy In Southern Africa – Economic potential for sustainable scale-up 1
• Contents 0
• Abbreviations 0
• 1. Introduction 6
• 2. Methodology 8
• 2.1 Methodology part 1: Analysis of changes in climate variables 8
• 2.2 Methodology part 2: Analysis of infrastructure at risk from extreme weather events 11
• 3. Energy Infrastructure 15
• 3.1 Generation 15
• 3.2 Transmission 18
• 3.3 Distribution 20
• 3.4 Conventional fuel distribution terminals 21
• 3.5 Access routes to energy infrastructure 22
• 4. Rationale for quantifying the impact of extreme weather events on the energy sector 23
• 4.1 Extreme rainfall and floods 24
• 4.2 Droughts 25
• 4.3 Heat waves 26
• 4.4 Sea level rise 27
• 5. Estimating exposure to climate risk 28
• 5.1 Climate hazard 29
• 6. Implications of changes in rainfall and temperature on electricity generation in Panama 52
• 6.1 Precipitation and temperature changes 53
• 6.2 Impacts on the electricity infrastructure 56
• 7. Climate change resilience measures 65
• 7.1 Existing infrastructure 65
• 7.2 Planned infrastructure 72
• 8. Conclusions and recommendations 73
• 8.1 Final remarks 74
• 9. References 76
• ANNEXES 83
• Annex 1. Georeferenced existing infrastructure 83
• Annex 2. Georeferenced planned infrastructure 89
• Annex 3. Exposure of existing infrastructure to climate hazard 93
• Annex 4. Planned infrastructure exposure to climate hazard 98
• Annex 5. Climate risk – existing infrastructure 102
• Annex 6. Climate risk – planned infrastructure 107