Cities are responsible for approximately 67 percent of global energy consumption and 70 percent of greenhouse gas emissions. As population growth rises in urban areas, cities are increasingly vulnerable to the climate crisis, which makes them essential partners in achieving global climate targets.Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are the cornerstone of the Paris Agreement and are key policy instruments, defining national adaptation and mitigation commitments. As such, it is vital that NDCs reflect urban climate challenges and solutions. This report – jointly prepared by UNDP, UN-Habitat and the University of Southern Denmark, with support from C40 Cities – analyses urban content in 194 NDCs.It provides analysis and guidance to policymakers and practitioners to: (i) facilitate better understanding of the urban focus in NDCs, (ii) highlight climate challenges and opportunities in cities, (iii) support countries to place cities at the center of their climate ambition, and (iv) provide unique climate data to inform policymaking.Key findings include:66 percent NDCs analysed contain either a moderate or strong level of urban content, indicating space for greater emphasis on urban priorities and solutions.Many NDCs (160) highlight the need for finance to facilitate NDC implementation at national levels, while only 26 include specific requests for finance at urban levels.44 percent of NDCs emphasize sectors; energy, transport and mobility, and waste lead for mitigation, while infrastructure and water lead for adaptation.Emphasis on climate hazards is indicated in 89 percent of NDCs; however, only 40 percent mention urban climate hazards.
- Document Type
- Report
- Pages
- 260
- Published in
- United States of America
Table of Contents
- Foreword 6
- Executive summary 8
- Introduction 12
- Approach and methodology 18
- 2.1 Indicators and database architecture 19
- 2.2 Data collection 21
- 2.3 Data collection and analysis at the global level (Global Analysis) 22
- 2.4 Data analysis at the country level (Country Briefs) 23
- 2.5 Data collection and qualitative analysis of selected countries (Country Profiles) 23
- 2.6 Methodology improvement and limitations 24
- Past analyses of urban content of in NDCs 26
- 3.1 Urban content in NDCs: The 2016/2017 analysis 27
- 3.2 Urban content in NDCs: The 2021 analysis 27
- 3.3 Urban content in NDCs: The 2022 analysis 29
- Urban content in NDCs: The 2023 Global Analysis 30
- 4.1 NDC urban clusters 31
- 4.2 Urban mitigation and adaptation content 32
- 4.3 Urban climate challenges and responses 34
- 4.4 Urban mitigation challenges and responses 35
- 4.5 Urban adaptation challenges and responses 36
- 4.6 Urban climate hazards 37
- 4.7 Mitigation challenges (national versus urban) 38
- 4.8 Mitigation responses (national versus urban) 39
- 4.9 Adaptation challenges (national versus urban) 40
- 4.10 Adaptation responses (national versus urban) 41
- 4.11 Climate hazards (national versus urban) 42
- 4.12 Finance, technology and capacity-building requests (national versus urban) 43
- 4.13 NDC conditional/unconditional contributions 44
- 4.14 Cross-cutting issues (national versus urban) 45
- 4.15 Urban content in NDCs: Trends based on the 2016/2017 and 2023 analyses 47
- Country Profiles 48
- 5.1 Chile 50
- 5.2 Colombia 56
- 5.3 Côte d’Ivoire 64
- 5.4 Cuba 70
- 5.5 El Salvador 76
- 5.6 Fiji 81
- 5.7 Iraq 87
- 5.8 Lao People's Democractic Republic (the) 94
- 5.9 Lebanon 100
- 5.10 Madagascar 107
- 5.11 Malawi 112
- 5.12 Nepal 119
- 5.13 Palestine (the State of)154 125
- 5.14 Philippines (the) 130
- 5.15 Tanzania (The United Republic of) 136
- 5.16 Zimbabwe 141
- Key findings, conclusions and recommendations 148
- 6.2 Key findings: Country Profiles 150
- 6.3 Conclusions 151
- 6.4 Recommendations 153
- 6.5 Recommendations for future analyses 155
- Annexes 158
- List of countries with urban clusters 159
- Country Briefs 162
- Table 1. Indicators per category and source 19
- Figure 1. Urban content in Nationally Determined Contributions 32
- Figure 2. Distribution of the type of urban content in the NDCs 34
- Figure 3. Number of NDCs with urban content in mitigation and adaptation challenges and responses in Clusters A and B 34
- Figure 4. Number of NDCs with urban mitigation challenges and responses by sector 35
- Figure 5. Number of NDCs with urban adaptation challenges and responses by sector 36
- Figure 6. Number of NDCs mentioning specific urban climate hazards 37
- Figure 7. Number of NDCs with mitigation challenges by sector (national versus urban) 38
- Figure 8. Number of NDCs with mitigation responses by sector (national versus urban) 39
- Figure 9. Number of NDCs with adaptation challenges by sector (national versus urban) 40
- Figure 10. Number of NDCs with adaptation responses by sector (national versus urban) 41
- Figure 11. Number of NDCs mentioning climate hazards (national versus urban) 42
- Figure 12. Number of NDCs that include finance, technology and capacity-building requests (national versus urban) 43
- Figure 13. NDC conditional and unconditional contributions (% of NDCs with the given conditionality of their contribution) 44
- Figure 14: Number of NDCs with a request for means of implementation at the urban level and the type of request 45
- Figure 15. Number of NDCs mentioning cross-cutting issues (national versus urban) 46
- Map 1. Urban content in Nationally Determined Contributions 31
- Map 2. NDC urban mitigation content 32
- Map 3. NDC urban adaptation content 33
- Map 4. Urban adaptation and mitigation content for NDCs with moderate or high urban content 33
