Authors
Raj Chetty, Will S. Dobbie, Benjamin Goldman, Sonya Porter, Crystal Yang
- Acknowledgements & Disclosure
- Any opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not represent the views of the U.S. Census Bureau. The Census Bureau has ensured appropriate access and use of confidential data and has reviewed these results for disclosure avoidance protection (Project 7519874: CBDRBFY2022-CES010-004, CBDRB-FY2023-CES005-025, CBDRB-FY23-0375, CBDRB-FY24-0007, CBDRB-FY24-0143, CBDRB-FY24-0359). We thank Elizabeth Ananat, Deirdre Bloome, Dalton Conley, David Cutler, Greg Duncan, Stefanie DeLuca, Brad Foster, John Friedman, Edward Glaeser, David Grusky, Nathaniel Hendren, Lawrence Katz, Kaylee Matheny, Sean Reardon, Bruce Sacerdote, Robert Sampson, and numerous seminar participants for helpful comments and discussions. We are indebted to Ana Sanchez Chico, Dhruv Gaur, Sara Kao, Shipra Karan, Yechan Park, Vinay Ravinder, Nico Rotundo, Michelle Wu, Austin Zheng, and our other Harvard and Opportunity Insights pre-doctoral fellows for their outstanding contributions to this work. This research was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Overdeck Family Foundation, and Harvard University. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3386/w32697
- Pages
- 128
- Published in
- United States of America
Table of Contents
- Introduction 3
- Data 9
- Sample Definition 10
- Variable Definitions 11
- Summary Statistics 13
- Trends in Economic Mobility by Race and Class 14
- Economic Mobility for White and Black Americans 14
- Pre-Labor Market and Non-Monetary Outcomes 16
- Geographic Variation 17
- Summary of Changes by Race and Ethnicity 19
- Mechanisms Underlying Changes in Mobility 19
- Family-Level Factors 19
- Neighborhood-Level Factors 21
- Community-Level Factors 21
- Causal Effects of Changes in Childhood Environments 26
- Empirical Framework 26
- Baseline Estimates of Changes in Exposure Effects 29
- Sensitivity Analysis 32
- Evaluating the Constant Selection by Age Identification Assumption 33
- Social Interactions versus Economic Resources 37
- Heterogeneity Across Cohorts 38
- Heterogeneity Across Subgroups 38
- Conclusion 41
- Construction of County-by-Race-by-Class-by-Cohort Estimates 49
- Comparison of Employment Trends in Tax Data and Publicly-Available ACS Data 50
- Baseline Movers Estimator 52
- Proof that Equation (10) identifies 52
- Proof that Equation (11) identifies 54
- Siblings Estimator in Movers Design 55