rose to the top of the policy and The number rose to 170 in 1970, public agenda as public institu- 294 in 1980, 446 in 1990, 784 in The second trend I discussed in the tions were increasingly privatised, 2000, 1,431 in 2010, and 1,682 in Framing Paper was the massive private institutions exploded and 2018. [...] Third, there were the national, institutional and Rights, 1981 and in the AU’s fundamental shifts taking place in continental/regional levels by Agenda 2063, the continent the global political economy in African countries to enable seeks to deepen the culture of terms of hegemonies and hierar- consolidation and assure the good governance, democratic chies and in the nature and future quality of ed. [...] The technological challenges were the Guardian, and closer to home The fifth alludes to the poor state compounded by worsening finan- in Kenya the Daily Nation and the and maintenance of physical and cial strains. [...] The bigger However, most African universi- search Universities Alliance, and the crisis, the more profound the ties and firms stood on the side- new ones.8 Beyond being involved lessons to be learned, and the great- lines as their societies waited for in quality control and having an er the imperatives for transforma- the development of vaccines in important role to protect the con- tion. [...] Weak research and VID-19 vaccines in the continent’.9 choose to incorporate the impact drug manufacturing capabilities and lessons of the pandemic into have made African countries vul- Funding for research by govern- their culture and vision’, and under nerable to vaccine nationalism in ments, the private sector and the the transform scenario institutions the global North, while democratic univers.
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