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By looking at these three instruments of data collection, I find challenges in terms of comparability and limited data collection that result in a lack of comprehensive and systematic information among indigenous populations in countries within Latin America. [...] Using both household and longitudinal surveys, I assess the extent to which the three different criteria—self-identification, household and linguistic—measure indigenous identity and represent distinct dimensions of ethnicity. [...] Looking at a myriad of instruments, I conclude that while self-identification should remain the central criterion and countries should extend it to their other instruments, taking care the phrasing of the questions and unit of analyses are comparable. [...] Improving and Aligning Measurement of Ethnicity in Latin America A PREPRINT Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Analysis of national and international instruments that conceptualise and measure ethnicity in Latin America 6 2.1 Literature Review and Conceptual Framework. [...] 10 3 Effects of alternative measurements on the identification of educational performance and inequality between indigenous peoples and other groups in Latin America.