International Security and the Golden Age of Arms and Controls..................... 55 i. [...] Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons .............................................................................................................................. 99 III. [...] Scope of the Inquiry into Responsibilities The following section details the limitations in the scope to the inquiry of this thesis, including the focus on preventive responsibilities, supply-side actors, and arms exports to conflict zones. i. [...] Preventive Responsibilities The first limitation in scope in the assessment of responsibilities for arms exports to conflict zones, is the specific focus on ‘preventive responsibilities’: duties and obligations to take actions to prevent adverse consequences. Preventive 18 Antony M Honoré, Responsibility and Fault (Bloomsbury Publishing 1999) 56. [...] 20 This point is presently receiving increased attention in regard to the use of Artificial Intelligence in weapons and warfare. [...] 26 For examinations of the application of international criminal responsibility to actors involved in arms transfers, see: Nina HB Jørgensen (ed), The International Criminal Responsibility of War’s Funders and Profiteers (Cambridge University Press 2020). [...] Selection of Actors and Legal Instruments A comparative analysis of data and reports on arms exports was used to select the key supply-side actors and the legal and other instruments for examination. [...] For a detailed examined of the non-intervention rule and its incorporation in conventional arms controls and arms transfer practices, see: Yihdego (n 5) ch 6. [...] The arms sales were part of hostage negotiations between the United States and Iran. [...] Intermediaries Arms brokers and arms dealers are individuals or private companies who either directly sell arms to recipients or who facilitate the transfer of arms to recipients in exchange for a fee.