Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Eastern Türkiye Middle Corridor Railway Development Project (P179128) (English)

Table of Contents

• 4.3.2 Baseline Conditions 1
• 4.3.2.1 Air Quality 1
• 4.3.2.2 Greenhouse Gases 6
• 4.3.3 Impact Assessment 10
• 4.3.3.1 Land Preparation and Construction Phase 10
• Air Quality Modeling 13
• First stage 13
• Second stage 13
• Third stage 13
• Stage four 13
• 4.3.3.2 Operation Phase 14
• 4.3.4 Potential Impact Significances and Mitigation Measures 15
• 4.4 Water Resources Water Quality and Wastewater Management 17
• 4.4.1 Project Standards and Methodology 17
• 4.4.1.1 Methodology 17
• 4.4.1.2 Project Standards 17
• 4.4.2 Baseline Conditions 19
• 4.4.2.1 Surface Water Resources 19
• Euphrates Sub-Basin 19
• Aras Basin 20
• Euphrates River 21
• Kars Stream 22
• Karasu Stream 22
• Çaltı Stream 22
• 4.4.2.2 Surface Water Quality 22
• 4.4.3 Impact Assessment 26
• 4.4.3.1 Land Preparation and Construction Phase 26
• Water Use 26
• Wastewater Generation 26
• Impacts on Surface Water Flow 27
• Impacts on Groundwater 27
• 4.4.3.2 Operation Phase 28
• Water Use and Wastewater Generation 28
• Impacts on Surface Water and Groundwater 28
• 4.4.4 Potential Impact Significances and Mitigation Measures 29
• 4.5 Resource and Waste Management 31
• 4.5.1 Project Standards and Methodology 31
• 4.5.1.1 Methodology 31
• 4.5.1.2 Project Standards 32
• 4.5.2 Baseline Conditions 33
• 4.5.2.1 Material Requirements 33
• PREVENTION MINIMIZATION 33
• REUSE AND PREPERATION FOR 33
• RE-USE 33
• RECYCLING 33
• RECOVERY 33
• Most 33
• Least 33
• 4.5.2.2 Waste Generation Rates and Waste Management Infrastructure in the Region 38
• 4.5.3 Impact Assessment 39
• 4.5.3.1 Land Preparation and Construction Phase 39
• Excavation and Construction Wastes 40
• Non-hazardous Solid Waste 40
• Hazardous and Special Wastes 42
• 4.5.3.2 Operation Phase 42
• Non-hazardous Solid Wastes 43
• Wastes from Maintenance and Repair Operations 43
• Ballast Cleaning 43
• Superstructure RenovationRenewal 43
• Infrastructure RenovationRenewal 44
• Hazardous and Special Wastes 44
• 4.5.4 Potential Impact Significances and Mitigation Measures 44
• 4.5.4.1 Waste Generation 44
• 4.5.4.2 Material Use 45
• 4.6 Cultural Heritage 51
• 4.6.1 Project Standards and Methodology 51
• 4.6.1.1 Methodology for Baseline Studies 52
• Desk Study 52
• Field Surveys 52
• 4.6.1.2 Methodology for Impact Assessment 53
• 4.6.2 Baseline Conditions 56
• 4.6.2.1 Archaeological and Historical Background based on Desktop Review 57
• 4.6.2.2 Tangible Cultural Heritage Based on Field Surveys 62
• 4.6.2.3 Intangible Cultural Heritage Based on Desktop Studies 64
• 4.6.2.4 Critical Cultural Heritage 72
• 4.6.2.4.1 Internationally Recognized Cultural Heritage Sites 72
• 4.6.2.4.2 Legally Protected Registered Cultural Heritage 75
• 4.6.2.4.3 Archaeological Potential 75
• 4.6.3 Impact Assessment Significance and Mitigation Measures 75
• Tangible Cultural Heritage 75
• Intangible Cultural Heritage 78
• 4.7 Project Standards and Methodology 88
• 4.7.1 Project Standards 88
• The World Bank Environmental and Social Standards - ESS6 92
• 4.7.2 Methodology for Biodiversity Studies 94
• 4.7.3 Biodiversity Study Area 94
• 4.7.4 Protected Areas 95
• 4.7.4.1 Legally Protected Areas 95
• LC VU VU EN LC LC 104
• VU VU VU LC LC LC EN 104
• 4.7.4.2 Internationally Recognized Areas of High Biodiversity Value 104
• Divriği Hills Important Nature Area 113
• EN VU CR EN EN EN CR VU LC 113
• Munzur Moutains Important Nature Area and Important Plant Area 113
• Esence Keşiş Mountains Important Nature Area 113
• Kop Mountains Important Plant Area 114
• CR EN 114
• VU LC DD 114
• Sarıkamış Forests Important Nature Area 114
• Çıldır Lake Important Nature Area and Important Plant Area 114
• EN NT LC LC LC LC LC 115
• 4.8 Baseline Conditions 115
• 4.8.1 Habitat Classification 115