The anti-immigrant, anti-refugee, and nativist rhetoric present in many of these campaigns has received the bulk of the academic attention.1 While the cultural and identity elements behind the recent populist resurgence are important when explaining why more extreme parts of the electorate support these movements, populist parties’ platforms on economic policies—specifically how to deal with the c. [...] 13 In the case of the glyphosate ban examined by Tosun and Debus (2021), the Austrian Freedom Party could promise benefits to domestic groups, indicate the misconduct of (foreign) companies in the process of risk assessment, and question the integrity of scientists. [...] It captures perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service, and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government’s commitment to such policies. [...] The data starts in 1990 and the populism score begins in 1994, which means that for many of the most industrialized countries the heyday of environmental degradation and environmental investment is at least two decades in the past. [...] The police started investigating the water and air pollution complaints in 2019, and in October 2021, the prosecutor’s office closed the investigation based on expert opinions with no punishments announced.25 Another scandal surfaced for Orbán, when environmental groups sounded alarms over the excessive development around Balaton lake, which resulted in the firing of the director of the Balaton Li.
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