September 2024 Heat pumps for Spain: Reforming Spanish energy policy to support the transition to clean heating Richard Lowes and Duncan Gibb Introduction and overview Heat pumps are a vital clean energy technology for Spain, and they need to grow rapidly in number over the coming decades for Spanish energy and climate goals to be met. [...] Spain’s demand for cooling is growing, driven in part by a changing climate which has doubled the frequency of heatwaves and increased the length of summer by 10 weeks.2 This rise in the demand for cooling could support the growth of the use of heat pumps. [...] Applying the Toolkit to the Spanish heat pump market This briefing utilises the structure of the Heat pump policy toolkit13 (see Figure 3), published in 2022, in order to examine Spanish heat pump policy. [...] REGULATORY ASSISTANCE PROJECT (RAP)® HEAT PUMPS FOR SPAIN | 11 Spanish policy support for heat pumps The following sections consider if or how the elements of the Heat pump policy toolkit (shown above in Figure 3) are present in Spanish energy policy, and whether the elements apply to both air-to-air and air-to-water heat pumps. [...] The Heat pump policy toolkit temple Affordability of heat pumps in Spain Upfront costs Running costs Total cost of ownership of heat pump options Figure 4: Total cost of ownership for space and water heating with a gas boiler and air-to-water heat pump in Spain, including the €3,000 subsidy for air-to-water heat pumps Figure 5.
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Table of Contents
- Introduction and overview 1
- The Spanish heat mix 3
- Figure 1. Energy used for space heating and hot water in homes in Spain, 2014-2021* 3
- The path towards clean energy 4
- Figure 2. Annual sales of heat pumps for space and water heating in Spain 5
- Applying the Toolkit to the Spanish heat pump market 5
- Figure 3. The Heat pump policy toolkit temple 6
- Affordability of heat pumps in Spain 6
- Upfront costs 6
- Running costs 7
- Total cost of ownership of heat pump options 8
- Figure 4: Total cost of ownership for space and water heating with a gas boiler and air-to-water heat pump in Spain, including the €3,000 subsidy for air-to-water heat pumps 8
- Figure 5. Total cost of ownership of a gas boiler, an air-to-water heat pump, and an air-to-air heat pump (with electric water heater and heat pump water heater) 9
- The clear value of solar 9
- Figure 6. Total cost of ownership of an air-to-water heat pump with solar thermal and with solar PV, an air-to-air heat pump with solar PV, and a gas boiler 10
- The added value of reversible systems 10
- Spanish policy support for heat pumps 11
- Discussion 14
- Conclusions and policy recommendations 15
- Annex: Total cost of ownership methodology 17
- Table 1. Gas and electricity retail prices used for analysis 18
- Additional References 19
