How does the lack of home study resources relate to student achievement?

How does the lack of home study resources relate to student achievement? Over the past year, as millions of households across the world have contended, and in some cases continue to contend, with home schooling, families have struggled to provide an environment similar to school conditions. [...] Whilst it is obvious that, without a computer, students are unable to access online resources, and this digital divide has been a feature of news and policymaker debates, the effect of not having a suitable space to study is less apparent. [...] Internationally, on average, 17% of students were without a study desk, compared to 11% without a computer, and even more students were without a separate room at 25%. [...] About TIMSS 2019 TIMSS 2019 is the seventh assessment cycle of the IEA’s Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study and was administered to nationally representative samples of students in 64 countries and 8 benchmarking systems in total (58 countries and 6 benchmarking entities at the fourth grade, and 39 countries and 7 benchmarking at the eighth grade). [...] To provide an interpretation of the results in relation to the students’ performance on the assessment items, TIMSS describes achievement at four points along the scale as International Benchmarks: Advanced International Benchmark (625), High International Benchmark (550), Intermediate International Benchmark (475), and Low International Benchmark (400).