AD SECURITATEM The best essays by students at the Baltic Defence College

Janis distilled this phenomenon into eight indicators, adapted to the military context here: An illusion of invulnerability among the staff; A belief in the inherent morality of the operation; “Rationalizing away” information that may change the plan; Stereotyping (“templating”) the enemy; “Self-censorship” of group members in the interest of the collective; Illusions of unanimity (or. [...] Now, the OPP is again vulnerable to a group decision-making trap, not because of the opinions of the commander, but because the plan has reached a critical level of personal investment in the eyes of the planners. [...] The emergence of the unipolar world after the end of Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the integration of European Union and globalization fostered international relations and reduced possible threats in the geopolitical environment. [...] The emphasis from the elements of hard power shifted to the effectiveness of exercise of non-military and especially soft power in the international environment. [...] Iran, being a member nation of the United Nations (UN), brought out the issue of the use of chemical weapons in 1983 to the Security Council (SC) and sought resolutions on Iraq to terminate the use of those (Frankopan, 2015, pp.