Seismic plus energy upgrading of masonry buildings using advanced materials :Analysis of a combined structural and thermal retrofitting

Table of Contents

• 1 Introduction 8
• 1.1 Problem statement and Review of Integrated Retrofitting in the Literature 8
• 1.2 Context of relevant EU policies 10
• 2 State-of-the-art on the experimental performance of the textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) 11
• 2.1 Performance of TRM 11
• 2.2 In-plane performance of the hybrid system 12
• 2.3 Out-of-plane performance of the hybrid system 13
• 3 Homogenisation of masonry properties 15
• 3.1 Overview of homogenisation 15
• 3.2 Gradient elastic theory 16
• 3.3 Gradient homogenisation model (GREHM) 18
• 3.3.1 Homogenised masonry elastic modulus Ev perpendicular to mortar bed joints (vertical) 19
• 3.3.2 Homogenised masonry elastic modulus Eh parallel to mortar bed joints (horizontal) 19
• 3.3.3 Homogenised masonry shear elastic modulus G 20
• 3.3.4 Homogenised masonry Poisson’s ratios vxy and vyx 20
• 3.3.5 Normalised graphs for the estimation of the homogenised properties 21
• 3.4 Verification of the proposed homogenisation model 23
• 3.4.1 Comparison with numerical homogenisation models 23
• 3.4.2 Comparison with analytical homogenisation models 29
• 4 Numerical simulations and analyses of reinforced masonry with TRM 33
• 4.1 Implicit simulation of TRM reinforced masonry 33
• 4.1.1 Description of the model 33
• 4.1.2 Calibration of the model for out-of-plane loads 37
• 4.1.3 Empirical equations for the reduction coefficients 39
• 4.1.4 Analyses for out-of-plane quasi-static loads 42
• 4.2 Explicit simulation of TRM reinforced masonry 44
• 4.2.1 Parameters of the model 44
• 4.2.2 Calibration of the model 45
• 4.2.3 Analysis for dynamic loading from explosions 47
• 5 Assessment of the combined retrofitting in city scale 49
• 5.1 Studied cities and buildings’ population 49
• 5.2 Energy performance 53
• 5.3 Seismic performance 56
• 5.4 Combined performance 59
• 6 Conclusions 62
• References 63
• List of abbreviations and definitions 72
• List of boxes 73
• List of figures 74
• List of tables 76