Consumption-based greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) and other air pollutants must decrease substantially across the Nordics. Such priorities are key to creating healthy cities and reaching environmental targets. This report gathers around 100 possible policy options to this end. We also asked a panel of Nordic experts to rank and analyze 21 policy options, identifying particularly promising policies. Policymakers should pay attention to that there is no “silver bullet” but a broad spectrum of promising policies, which could be combined into wider policy packages. Furthermore, improved statistics for consumption-based emissions and enhanced Nordic cooperation could aid in successfully reducing these emissions.
Authors
Engström, Eskil, Larsson, Markus, Bradley, Karin, Dotterud Leiren, Merethe, Ejelöv, Emma, Finnveden, Göran, Haugs Langvik, Karen, Heinonen, Jukka, Larsson, Jörgen, Thøgersen, John
Related Organizations
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.6027/temanord2024-545
- ISBN
- 978-92-893-8083-6 (electronic) 978-92-893-8084-3 (electronic)
- OAI
- oai:DiVA.org:norden-13314
- Pages
- 126
- Published in
- Copenhagen: Nordisk Ministerråd
- Responsible organisation
- Nordic Council of Ministers, Nordic Council of Ministers Secretariat Nordic Council of Ministers, Nordic Council of Ministers Secretariat, Nordisk Arbejdsgruppe for Miljø og Økonomi (NME) Nordic Council of Ministers, Nordic Council of Ministers Secretariat, Nordisk Arbejdsgruppe for Klima og Luft (NKL)
- URN
- urn:nbn:se:norden:org:diva-13314
- Year
- 2024
- pages
- 126
Table of Contents
- Preface 2
- Preface 3
- Summary 3
- Svensk sammanfattning 3
- Acknowledgements 3
- 9 1. Introduction and Background 3
- 13 2. Calculation Methods for Consumption-Based Emissions 3
- 17 3. Consumption-Based Emissions in the Nordic Countries 3
- 22 Denmark 3
- 24 Finland 3
- 26 Iceland 3
- 28 Norway 3
- 31 Sweden 3
- Ambitions to Reduce Consumption-Based GHG Emissions Across the Nordics 3
- 35 4. EU Perspective on Consumption-Based Policies 3
- 38 5. Policy and Acceptability 3
- 41 6. Approach to Policy Mapping and Delphi Methodology 3
- 43 Academic Literature Scoping Review 3
- 48 7. Results 3
- 48 Mapping the Academic Literature 4
- 49 Mapping Non-Academic Literature 4
- 49 Policy Instruments Longlist 4
- 60 Regulatory Standards 4
- 62 Public Procurement 4
- 64 Reduce Incentives that Promote Commuting to Work by Car 4
- 66 Subsidies to Increase Demand for Low-Emission Products 4
- 68 Consumption Taxes 4
- 70 Consumer Guides and Dietary Advice 4
- 72 Carbon Tax 4
- 74 Ban on Short Flights 4
- 76 Fee and Dividend to Low-Income Households 4
- 78 Advertising Regulation 4
- 80 Product Labels 4
- 82 Frequent Flyer Tax 4
- 85 Extension of Product Lifetime 4
- 86 Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism 4
- 87 VAT Differentiation 4
- 88 Required Recycling 4
- 89 Enabling Recycling 4
- 90 Extended Producer Responsibility 4
- 91 Conditioning Tax Deductions for Home Repairs 4
- 92 Information Campaigns 5
- 93 Flight Rights 5
- 96 8. Discussion and Conclusion 5
- 103 Improve Statistics and Set Clear Ambitions 5
- 104 Pursue Nordic Cooperation 5
- 105 5
- Take Advantage of the Longlist of Possible and Promising policies 5
- 108 Reduce Barriers to Policy Implementation 5
- 110 References 5
- 125 About this publication 5
- Summary 6
- Svensk sammanfattning 7
- Acknowledgements 8
- 1. Introduction and Background 9
- Goals main focus delimitation and content of report 10
- 2. Calculation Methods for Consumption-Based Emissions 13
- 3. Consumption-Based Emissions in the Nordic Countries 17
- Country speciic information 21
- Denmark 22
- Finland 24
- Iceland 26
- Norway 28
- Sweden 31
- Ambitions to Reduce Consumption-Based GHG Emissions Across the Nordics 34
- 4. EU Perspective on Consumption- Based Policies 35
- 5. Policy and Acceptability 38
- 6. Approach to Policy Mapping and Delphi Methodology 41
- Research Approach 41
- Mapping Consumption-Oriented Policy Measures steps 1 and 2 43
- Academic Literature Scoping Review 43
- Policy Delphi step 3 46
- 7. Results 48
- Consumption-Oriented Policy Mapping 48
- Mapping the Academic Literature 48
- Mapping Non-Academic Literature 49
- Policy Instruments Longlist 49
- Policy Delphi 58
- Round 2. 59
- Regulatory Standards 60
- Public Procurement 62
- Reduce Incentives that Promote Commuting to Work by Car 64
- Subsidies to Increase Demand for Low-Emission Products 66
- Consumption Taxes 68
- Consumer Guides and Dietary Advice 70
- Carbon Tax 72
- Ban on Short Flights 74
- Fee and Dividend to Low-Income Households 76
- Advertising Regulation 78
- Product Labels 80
- Frequent Flyer Tax 82
- Round 1. 84
- Extension of Product Lifetime 85
- Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism 86
- VAT Differentiation 87
- Required Recycling 88
- Enabling Recycling 89
- Extended Producer Responsibility 90
- Conditioning Tax Deductions for Home Repairs 91
- Information Campaigns 92
- Flight Rights 93
- Cross-Cutting themes in the Policy Delphi 94
- 8. Discussion and Conclusion 96
- New Policy Instruments May Be Politically Sensitive 96
- Conclusions from the Policy Delphi 98
- Pros and Cons of Consumption Taxes 102
- Policy Recommendations 103
- Improve Statistics and Set Clear Ambitions 103
- Pursue Nordic Cooperation 104
- Take Advantage of the Longlist of Possible and Promising policies 105
- Reduce Barriers to Policy Implementation 108
- References 110
- About this publication 125
- Policy Options for Reducing Consumption-Based Emissions 125
- A Nordic Survey 125
- Disclaimer 125
- Rights and permissions 125
- Nordic co-operation 126
