The Case for a Quad Mineral Security Partnership

Table of Contents

• Abhishek Sharma 2
• Introduction Introduction 3
• China China s Domination of the s Domination of the 4
• Critical Mineral Supply Chain Critical Mineral Supply Chain 4
• Figure 1 Chinas Production of Strategic Critical Minerals 5
• Figures 2a and 2b Demand-and- Supply Graph for Lithium 5
• China China s Domination of the s Domination of the 5
• Critical Mineral Supply Chain Critical Mineral Supply Chain 5
• Figures 3a and 3b Demand and Supply for Rare-Earth Elements 6
• China China s Domination of the s Domination of the 6
• Critical Mineral Supply Chain Critical Mineral Supply Chain 6
• China China s Domination of the s Domination of the 7
• Critical Mineral Supply Chain Critical Mineral Supply Chain 7
• Australia A Resource Reserve State 8
• The Quad and The Quad and 8
• Critical Minerals Critical Minerals 8
• Figure 4 Australias Critical Minerals List 9
• India Manufacturing Hub 9
• The Quad and The Quad and 9
• Critical Minerals Critical Minerals 9
• Figure 5 Indias Critical Minerals List 10
• The Quad and The Quad and 10
• Critical Minerals Critical Minerals 10
• Figure 6 Indias Import Dependence on Third Countries for Critical Minerals 11
• The Quad and The Quad and 11
• Critical Minerals Critical Minerals 11
• Table 1 Exploration Projects by the Geological Survey of India 2020-24 12
• United States Technology Leader 12
• The Quad and The Quad and 12
• Critical Minerals Critical Minerals 12
• Figure 7 The USs Critical Minerals List 13
• The Quad and The Quad and 13
• Critical Minerals Critical Minerals 13
• Figure 8 US Reliance on China for Critical Minerals 14
• Japan Capital Provider and Facilitator 14
• The Quad and The Quad and 14
• Critical Minerals Critical Minerals 14
• Figure 9 Japans Dependence on Other Countries for REEs 15
• The Quad and The Quad and 15
• Critical Minerals Critical Minerals 15
• The Quad and The Quad and 16
• Critical Minerals Critical Minerals 16
• Figure 10 Rare Metals Mentioned in the JOGMEC Stockpiling System 16
• Table 2 Definition of Critical Minerals 17
• Convergences and Divergences in Quad Convergences and Divergences in Quad 17
• States States Critical Minerals Strategies Critical Minerals Strategies 17
• Quad Members Mineral Security Approaches 18
• Convergences and Divergences in Quad Convergences and Divergences in Quad 18
• States States Critical Minerals Strategies Critical Minerals Strategies 18
• Table 3 Critical Mineral Agreements Between Quad Members 19
• The Quad and Critical Minerals The Quad and Critical Minerals 19
• Potential and Opportunities Potential and Opportunities 19
• The Quad and Critical Minerals The Quad and Critical Minerals 20
• Potential and Opportunities Potential and Opportunities 20
• Figure 11 Existing Groupings Focused on Mineral Security 21
• The Quad and Critical Minerals The Quad and Critical Minerals 21
• Potential and Opportunities Potential and Opportunities 21
• Figure 12 Common Critical Minerals Between Quad Members 22
• The Quad and Critical Minerals The Quad and Critical Minerals 22
• Potential and Opportunities Potential and Opportunities 22
• The Quad and Critical Minerals The Quad and Critical Minerals 23
• Potential and Opportunities Potential and Opportunities 23
• Lack of economic realism 24
• Lack of understanding of critical mineral supply chain and industry demand 24
• Challenges Challenges 24
• Policy uncertainty 25
• Risk of a zero-sum game 25
• Challenges Challenges 25
• Recommendations for the Quad Recommendations for the Quad s s 26
• Cooperation on Critical Minerals Cooperation on Critical Minerals 26
• Recommendations for the Quad Recommendations for the Quad s s 27
• Cooperation on Critical Minerals Cooperation on Critical Minerals 27
• Endnotes Endnotes 29
• Endnotes Endnotes 30
• Endnotes Endnotes 31
• Endnotes Endnotes 32
• Endnotes Endnotes 33
• Endnotes Endnotes 34
• Endnotes Endnotes 35
• Endnotes Endnotes 36