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The ICO cites an example of a gym compelling customers to use biometrics to access the building, with no alternative means of access, as a case of consent being invalid, underlining that the choice must be free.18 No choice may be offered in very limited circumstances, but the company would then have to rely on one of the other relevant conditions and for this to be lawful the bar to be cleared ca. [...] Platform workers are some of the most precarious in society, and the Home Office minutes acknowledge the risk that constant re-verification poses to self-employed status as a result of the limitations this places on the ability of a self-employed person to freely substitute.44 Constant biometric reverification is an example of intrusive identity checking, which is exacerbated by the growing role o. [...] ICO guidance on employer surveillance, albeit that which postdates the case by several years, states that the “least intrusive” means of monitoring must be used to achieve the purpose of the monitoring.90 The extent of Teramind’s monitoring of Mr McCarthy, including the capturing of passwords, does not appear to be the least intrusive means of achieving the stated goal, that is to show unreasonabl. [...] From atomisation, meaning the breaking down of work into discrete tasks and separating workers from the overall task, to algorithmic management, the e-commerce giant has been at the forefront of efforts to digitally monitor workers.106 Thousands of workers across the world, including more than 250 in the UK, have expressed concern about Amazon’s level of monitoring in the workplace.107 Some of the. [...] The surveillance is comprehensive and collects a large amount of data on workers in a way that contravenes the GDPR principles of data minimisation.129 Management gets instantaneous information as the data is collected in real time, the equivalent of having a boss looking over an employee’s shoulder and recording their every action for the entire shift.