The EU and Turkey: Toward sustainable cooperation in migration management and

2.1 A changed landscape ahead of the New Pact The main developments of 2020 that set the scene tory, with 22,700 refugees resettled globally in 2020 for the launch of the New Pact also exposed compared with 63,696 in 2019.4 Additionally, 2020 the pressing need to strengthen the resilience recorded the lowest number of irregular border cross- of European asylum and migration management sys- ings in. [...] 9 European Commission, Memorandum of Understanding between the European Commission, European Asylum Support Office, the European Border and Coast Guard Agency, Europol and the Fundamental Rights Agency, of the one part, and the Government of Hellenic Republic, of the other part, on a Joint Pilot for the Establishment of a new Multi-Purpose Reception and Identification Centre in Lesvos, C(2020) 865. [...] In what follows, the three most files.18 While there is wide agreement on the centrality significant proposals of the Pact (border procedures, of the external dimension, questions over the use of solidarity, and the external dimension of migration) border procedures and the mandatory nature of soli- are explored in turn. [...] The New Pact introduces greater and clearer The Pact suggests setting the deadline for completing obligations for member states compared with those the examination of asylum claims in the border proce- set in the current framework and those advanced in dure to three months from their registration.25 the 2016 reform proposal. [...] On the other hand, the linking of in the asylum and migration management regulation solidarity and returns is part of a broader European (AMMR) of the Pact.58 The core elements of the exist- political objective to increase returns from Europe.62 ing Dublin III Regulation, determining which state The percentage of return decisions that are effectively takes responsibility for asylum applications, r.