Authors
Zhao,Feng, Kovacevic,Rialda, Bishai,David M, Weintraub,Jeffrey
Related Organizations
- DOI
- https://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-2116-5
- Disclosure Date
- 2024/11/05
- Disclosure Status
- Disclosed
- Doc Name
- Strategic Investment for Health System Resilience : A Three-Layer Framework
- ISBN
- 978-1-4648-2116-5; 978-1-4648-2117-2
- Pages
- 202
- Product Line
- Advisory Services & Analytics
- Published in
- United States of America
- Rel Proj ID
- 1W-Preparedness And Health Systems Resilience Analytics And Covid- -- P176180
- Series Name
- Human Development Perspectives;
- Unit Owning
- People - HNP Global Engagement (HHNGE)
- Version Type
- Final
- Volume No
- 1
Table of Contents
- Front Cover 1
- Contents 9
- Foreword 15
- Acknowledgments 17
- About the Contributors 19
- Context for the Book 23
- Executive Summary 25
- Abbreviations 29
- Part 1 What Is the Three-Layer Framework, and How Are Countries Aligning Resources toward It? 31
- Chapter 1 Three Layers in Health Systems: Protecting Population Health Every Day and during Disease Outbreak 33
- In Summary 33
- Introduction 34
- A Closer Look at the Three-Layer Framework 37
- Cross-Cutting Elements of All Three Layers 52
- Conclusion 56
- Notes 57
- References 57
- Chapter 2 An Implementation Pathway to Build Resilience in Health System Layers 63
- Introduction 64
- Defining Resilience 65
- Building Resilience Requires Investment in Core Capabilities 65
- Achieving Resilience by Measuring Essential Public Health Functions 68
- Implementing a Pathway for Resilience 70
- Challenges and Options for the Way Forward 77
- Annex 2A: Tools for Assessing Essential Public Health Functions 78
- References 79
- Chapter 3 Minding What We Spend on Resilience: Global Data, Local Examples 81
- In Summary 81
- Introduction 82
- Methods to Track Spending on the Three Layers 84
- Mapping Health Accounts Data to the Three-Layer Framework 86
- Data Availability 86
- Results: Levels and Trends in the Three Layers of the Health System 91
- Discussion: Layered Spending Priorities in the Health System 95
- Investment Stewardship 96
- Setting an Agenda for the Future 99
- Setting an Agenda for Effective Country Engagement 100
- Note 100
- References 100
- Part 2 Country Case Studies 103
- Chapter 4 Financial Analysis of Local Public Health Activity in Urban Pakistan 105
- In Summary 105
- Introduction 105
- Methods 107
- Data Source 108
- Analysis 109
- Results 109
- District Health Office Spending by Public Health Capability 111
- Discussion 112
- Conclusion 113
- Note 114
- References 115
- Chapter 5 Three-Layer Health Sector Investment: Digital Health Interventions for Pandemic Preparedness in Low- and Middle-Income Countries 117
- In Summary 117
- Layer 1: Risk Reduction-Promoting Prevention and Community Preparedness 119
- Layer 2: Focus on Detection, Containment, and Mitigation Capabilities 124
- Layer 3: Advanced Case Management and Surge Response 130
- Notes 133
- References 133
- Chapter 6 From MERS to COVID-19: Building a Resilient Health System in the Republic of Korea 135
- In Summary 135
- Country Context: Demographic Profile and Health Risks 136
- Health System Structure and Features 136
- Three Layers of Health System Pandemic Preparedness in Korea 139
- Lessons Learned 147
- Notes 148
- References 148
- Chapter 7 Three-Layer Health Sector Investment in Thailand 151
- In Summary 151
- Country Context 152
- Health System Structure and Features 153
- Lessons Learned 160
- Notes 161
- References 161
- Chapter 8 Three-Layer Health Sector Investment in the Dominican Republic 163
- In Summary 163
- Country Context 164
- Health System Structure and Features 164
- Lessons Learned 170
- Challenges 171
- Notes 172
- References 172
- Chapter 9 Three-Layer Health Sector Investment in Costa Rica 173
- In Summary 173
- Country Context 173
- Health System Structure and Features 174
- Lessons Learned 182
- Challenges 182
- References 183
- Chapter 10 Three-Layer Health Sector Investment in Uganda 185
- In Summary 185
- Country Context 186
- Health System Structure and Features 187
- Lessons Learned 195
- Notes 196
- References 196
- Boxes 42
- Box 1.1: Community Health Worker Network in Liberia 42
- Box 1.2: Community-Based Surveillance in Somalia 44
- Box 1.3: Early and Effective Response to COVID-19 in Senegal 47
- Box 1.4: Information Systems and Strengthening Human Resources to Deliver Health Care 48
- Box 1.5: Early Detection and Response: Prior Crisis Experience Did Not Go to Waste in Singapore and Viet Nam 48
- Box 1.6: A Strong Layer 2 Response to COVID-19 in the Republic of Korea 49
- Box 1.7: Getting Ahead of COVID-19 Misinformation 56
- Box 2.1 Capabilities Assessment of District and Regional Health Authorities: A Case from Ghana 67
- Box 2.2 Using Tools to Build Capacity of Layer 1 at District Health Departments in Angola, Botswana, and Mozambique 73
- Box 2.3 Comparing Top-Down and Bottom-Up Measurement 76
- Box 3.1 Tracking Primary Health Care Spending in Nigeria 90
- Box 3.2 Financial Needs and a Package of Universal Health Coverage Health Benefits in Select Countries of Sub-Saharan Africa 93
- Box 3.3 Findings from an Experiment on Social Recognition to Improve Recordkeeping in Public Health Care Clinics in Select States in Nigeria 98
- Figures 38
- Figure 1.1 The Three-Layer Framework for Strengthening Health Systems 38
- Figure 3.1 Sources of Health Financing in Low-Income Countries and Globally, 1995-2022 83
- Figure 3.2 The SHA 2011 Framework and Its Three Classifications 85
- Figure 3.3 Incompleteness of NHA Data Sets Based on Reporting up to 2017 88
- Figure 3.4 Proportion of Countries That Reported Spending on Prevention, by Country Income Level, 2017 89
- Figure 3.5 Per Capita Spending on Health, by Country Income Level and Layer of the Health System, 2002-17 92
- Figure 4.1 Government Health Expenditures in Pakistan, by Source of Financing, 2017-18 107
- Figure 4.2 Average Self-Assessed Capacity Scores of Provincial and District Public Health Personnel in Sindh Province, Pakistan, 2014 108
- Figure 4.3 Share of Total Spending on District Full-Time Equivalent Staff in Karachi, Pakistan, by Public Health Activity, 2022 111
- Figure 4.4 Allocation of the District Health Budget in Karachi, Pakistan, by Public Health Capability, 2022 112
- Figure 5.1 Timeline of Key Events for the Development and Scale-Up of CommCare in Burkina Faso 121
- Figure 5.2 Data Flow and Integration of CommCare with the Levels of Burkina Faso’s Health System 122
- Figure 5.3 Multisectoral Approach to Use of the DHIS2 COVID-19 Response Package in Sri Lanka 126
- Figure 5.4 How SORMAS Operates in Nigeria 128
- Figure 5.5 Key Design Principles of the Unified COVID-19 Data Platform in Uttar Pradesh, India 131
- Figure 6.1 Number of COVID-19 Vaccine Doses Administered per 100 Population in Select Countries, as of November 20, 2022 146
- Figure 7.1 Contact-Tracing Efforts by Surveillance and Rapid Response Teams and Village Health Volunteers in Thailand 154
- Figure 8.1 Health System Financing in the Dominican Republic 165
- Figure 8.2 Total Occupancy of Intensive Care Units in the Dominican Republic, 2020-22 168
- Figure 9.1 The Costa Rican National Health System 175
- Figure 9.2 The Costa Rican Social Security Fund’s Integrated System of Health Care 176
- Figure 9.3 Contingency Fund Spending on COVID-19 Needs in Costa Rica, 2020 181
- Figure 10.1 Prepandemic Demographic Indicators for Uganda 186
- Map 123
- Map 5.1 Deployment of the CommCare App in Primary Health Care Facilities across Health Districts of Burkino Faso, June 2020–December 2021 123
- Tables 69
- Table 2.1 Comparison of Essential Public Health Functions and the Resilience Index 69
- Table 2A.1 Tools for Assessing Essential Public Health Functions 78
- Table 3.1 Linking the Three-Layer Framework and the SHA 2011 Framework 87
- Table 3.2 Number of Countries Reporting Any NHA Data, by Health Care Function, 2016 and 2017 89
- Table 3.3 Average Primary Health Care Spending per Capita, by Layer and Country Income Level, 2017 91
- Table 4.1 Government Health Expenditures in Pakistan, by Function, 2017-18 106
- Table 4.2 Descriptive Data on District Health Personnel in Karachi, Pakistan, by Basic Pay Scale and Median Income, 2022 109