The Climate Action Monitor 2024

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Table of Contents

• Preface 5
• Foreword 6
• Readers’ guide 10
• References 11
• Executive summary 12
• Climate hazards and disasters are increasing and devastating communities worldwide 12
• GHG emission reduction commitments are not consistent with the Paris Agreement temperature goals. More ambition and efforts are needed to achieve net zero by 2050 13
• Progress in national climate policy efforts remains insufficient. Policy implementation needs to be scaled-up. 13
• Looking ahead 14
• 1 How far are countries from achieving national and global mitigation objectives? 15
• Global GHG emissions increased in 2022 and 2023 15
• GHG emission reduction commitments are not consistent with the Paris Agreement temperature goals 16
• NDC targets are not ambitious enough 16
• Net zero targets are not ambitious enough and most targets are not legally binding 17
• New momentum for net-zero pledges in international aviation and shipping 20
• GHG emissions are embedded in trade 20
• Countries continue to decouple emissions from economic and population growth 22
• The principal driver of GHG emissions is fossil fuel consumption 23
• Emissions sources 23
• Key drivers in emission source sectors 25
• GHG emissions, economic growth and material use 29
• References 31
• Notes 32
• 2 How are climate-related hazards and disasters affecting the world? 34
• Rising extreme temperatures are affecting billions of people worldwide 36
• Worsening droughts threaten food supplies 40
• Record wildfires were experienced in 2023 42
• Extreme rainfall events continue to cause havoc, resulting in devastating floods and landslides 43
• The hurricane season of 2024 will likely break records due to climate change and La Niña 47
• Economic losses and deaths due to climate disasters 48
• Strong climate mitigation efforts are needed to avoid triggering climate tipping points that risk fundamentally changing regional and global climate 51
• References 52
• Notes 56
• 3 How far did countries’ climate action progress? 57
• The expansion of climate mitigation policy action has slowed 58
• The expansion of climate mitigation policy action was mostly driven by increases in policy stringency 59
• The gap in climate policy action between OECD and OECD partner countries continued to widen 60
• Climate policy action of some sector-specific policies has picked up 61
• Market-based instruments continued to decrease, non-market-based instruments increased and actions based on targets remained strong 64
• Market-based instruments use continued to decrease 64
• Non-market-based instruments are growing driven by performance standards 65
• Countries advanced on policies related to setting targets, governance, climate data provision and international co-operation 66
• Countries use different policy mix to meet their emissions reduction targets 66
• OECD countries have more policies than partner countries do, but their stringency levels are comparable 67
• OECD partner countries place a greater emphasis on non-market-based instruments 69
• Climate action is misaligned with countries’ emissions profile in transport and electricity sectors 70
• Climate adaptation is increasingly becoming a priority for countries 72
• Climate action and enhanced ambition 73
• References 74
• Notes 76
• Annex A. Data gaps, methodology and limitations 78
• Chapter 1 78
• GHG emissions estimates 78
• GHG emissions targets 79
• Chapter 2 81
• Chapter 3 82
• References 90
• Notes 91
• Glossary 93