Clean Energy Technology Observatory, Heat pumps in the European Union :Status report on technology development, trends, value chains and markets : 2024

Table of Contents

• Contents 3
• Abstract 5
• Foreword on the Clean Energy Technology Observatory 6
• Acknowledgements 7
• Executive summary 8
• 1 Introduction 10
• 1.1 Scope and context 10
• 1.2 Methodology and data sources 10
• 2 Technology state of the art and expected development 11
• 2.1 Technology Readiness Level 15
• 2.2 Installed energy capacity sales and generation 17
• 2.2.1 Installed capacity and production 17
• 2.2.2 Sales 20
• 2.2.3 Deployment needs and projections 21
• 2.3 Technology costs 24
• 2.4 Public research funding 28
• 2.5 Private research funding 30
• 2.6 Patenting trends 33
• 2.7 Bibliometric trends and level of scientific publications 35
• 2.8 Impact and trends of EU-supported research 36
• 3 Value chain analysis 38
• 3.1 Turnover 38
• 3.2 Gross value added 39
• 3.3 Environmental and socioeconomic sustainability 39
• 3.4 Role of EU companies 40
• 3.5 Employment 43
• 3.6 Energy intensity and labour productivity 44
• 3.7 EU production data 46
• 4 EU positioning and competitiveness 50
• 4.1 World and EU market leaders 50
• 4.2 Trade imports exports and trade balance 51
• 4.3 Resource efficiency and dependence in relation to EU competitiveness 53
• 5 Conclusions 55
• References 56
• List of abbreviations and definitions 59
• List of figures 60
• List of tables 62
• Annex 1 Summary of data sources 63
• Annex 2 Sustainability assessment 64
• Annex 3 Energy System Models and Scenarios POTEnCIA and POLES-JRC 69
• AN 3.1 POTEnCIA Model 69
• AN 3.1.1 Model Overview 69
• AN 3.1.2 POTEnCIA CETO 2024 Scenario 70
• AN 3.2 POLES-JRC model 71
• AN 3.2.1 Model Overview 71
• AN 3.2.2 POLES-JRC Model description 72
• Power system 72
• Hydrogen 72
• Bioenergy 72
• Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage CCUS 72
• Endogenous technology learning 73
• AN 3.2.3 Global CETO 2C scenario 2024 73
• AN 3.3 Distinctions for the CETO 2024 Scenarios - POLES-JRC vs. POTEnCIA 75
• Getting in touch with the EU 76
• Finding information about the EU 76
• The Joint Research Centre JRC provides independent evidence-based knowledge and science supporting EU policies to positively impact society 77
• EU Science Hub 77