Typically, the energy output in the form of heat is several times greater than the energy required to power the heat pump, which is usually supplied by electricity.13 This can result in efficiencies of 250-500%, and potentially even higher when heat pumps supply both heating and cooling.14 In contrast, conventional heating options always have an efficiency below 100%, meaning they output less ther. [...] However, depending on the relative price of electricity (to run the heat pump) and the fuel being displaced, the efficiency gains from IHPs can deliver cost savings and payback initial investments within a few years, offering attractive rates of return on investment and business productivity improvements.20,21 Other barriers include a lack of awareness about the technology’s capabilities and the p. [...] Ideally, the waste heat (source) and process heat demand (sink) should be close each other (preferably within the same process) of similar magnitude, and available within the same time period.27 The temperature difference between heat source and sink, referred to as the temperature “lift”, is a key constraint on IHP applicability, with most commercially available technologies limited to temperatur. [...] The economic viability of an IHP application will largely depend on the performance of the heat pumps, the losses in existing thermal energy systems, and the price of electricity relative to the fossil fuels used for combustion, typically gas (Figure 4). [...] Steam distribution systems are particularly inefficient due to heat dissipation, leakage of steam traps, lack of condensate recovery, and other factors depending on the quality of the insulation and the length of the distribution network.58 In Australia, further inefficiencies seem to stem from process heat being supplied at temperatures that are higher than required by industrial processes.59 Thi.
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