The implications also served as an example of an interrupted time series study, since there was a time series of Cubans’ weights and incidence of obesity and diabetes before the fall of the Soviet Union, the fall of the Soviet Union caused an interruption in that time series, which changed the form of the time series after the fall of the Soviet Union.3 1 “Snow’s Grand Experiment of 1854”; UCLA De. [...] A counterfactual in the context of Difference in Differences is the extrapolation of the trendline in the treated group(s) that would maintain the same difference in outcome metric over time between the treated and non-treated group(s). [...] This variable is referred to as the “instrument.” Subjects are assigned not to the key independent variable of interest, but rather to the instrumental variable.31 This is important because in many of these “real-world studies,” there are omitted variables that affect both the dependent and explanatory variables or there are situations in which changes in the dependent variable can change the valu. [...] First, the validity of a natural experiment is predicated on the extent to which the circumstances divide the population into a treatment and control group as though they were randomly assigned.59 The practitioner must be careful in determining whether the circumstances of the natural experiment create a population split that falls close enough to this “as if ” it were randomly divided standard.60. [...] In an RCT, the researcher can exert a high degree of control over the environment in which a treatment is delivered, the timing of the delivery, and the magnitude of the dose delivered.
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