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Click to add title 11/12/2020 Sources of Indoor & Outdoor Air Pollution HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN ARAB COUNTRIES Air pollution is considered one of 13th Annual Conference the world’s most challenging Arab Forum for Environment and Development (AFED) environmental and health problems Health Impact of Air Pollution In Arab Countries Hassan R Dhaini MSc PhD Toxicologist & Assistant Professor of E. [...] Bahrain 73 70 71 250 Ras Hayan 2012 Comoros 21 20 21 - - - Djibouti 46 46 46 - - - Algeria 36 40 39 - - - Egypt 88 88 87 284 Cairo 2015 Iraq 66 64 62 179 Baghdad 2016 • Rapid urbanization and economic growth led air pollution Jordan 34 33 33 68 Amman 2017 Kuwait 65 61 61 130 Al-Jahra 2015 in the Arab world has climbed to alarming levels in recent Lebanon 31 30 31 41 Beirut 2014 Libya 52 52 54 - -. [...] Morocco 31 33 33 43 Casablanca 2016 years (Farahat, 2016) Mauritania 49 47 47 - - - (WHO, 2020) Oman 43 42 41 82 Muscat 2009 Qatar 94 88 91 - - - (World Bank, 2020) Saudi Arabia 97 84 88 161 Dammam 2016 Sudan 59 54 55 - - - • Emissions increased over the past three decades in the Syria 44 44 44 - - - Tunisia 36 38 38 90 Tunis 2010 Yemen 54 50 50 - - - MENA by up to 5-fold due to growth in the ener. [...] 2018) Pollutant Outdoor Sources Indoor Sources Ambient Ambient Ambient AQ Indoor AQ Primary AQS AQS Guidelines Guidelines 3 3 PM Combustion Stoves, 35 μg/m - 25 25 μg/m - No limit 2.5 processes heaters, 24 hours μg/m3 - 24 hours available fireplaces 12 μg/m3 - 1 year 3 10 μg/m • According to the WHO, air quality indicators in the Arab Tobacco 1 year - 1 yearsmoking countries often e. [...] CO2 2360 mg/m3 Comoros - - VOCs 0.4 ppm Djibouti 3 3 NO2 608 μg/m 3 Egypt 0.2 2 Lead (Pb) No limit available SO2 0.2 mg/m 3 Iraq 0.8 5 Jordan - 0.8 Mosques Carpet PAHs 4.09 µg/g Kuwait - 1.1 Nitrogen 200 μg/m3 - 1 hour Dust Lebanon - 1.4 Dioxide (NO 32) 40 μg/m - 1 year Kuwait Elementary Schools SO2 7.7 µg/m 3 (Al-Hemoud et al., 2017) Libya 0.2 3 NO2 29.8 µg/m 3 Mauritania - - Ozone (O3) No li.