"EU energy, transport and GHG emissions trends to 2050 – Reference scenario 2013"

The imple- value of 1.39$/€ in 2009 and is assumed to decrease mentation of the EED and the widespread penetration to 1.30 $/€ by 2012, at which level it is assumed to of ESCOs is mirrored by the reduction of discount remain for the remaining projection period. [...] in developments in the EU energy system and in the global energy supply and demand, as described in The ETS Directive continues to influence the energy detail in section 2, as well as the consequences of system, as the number of EU-ETS emissions allow- adopted policies presented in the Table 2. [...] the following, we discuss these measures and pro- vide a general overview of their effects on the energy Considering the timeframes of the policies included in system, as well as their reflection in the PRIMES the Reference 2013 scenario, the results are pre- model. [...] Up to 2020 the main First of all, the EED (via its energy savings obligation) driver of developments is the achievement of the tar- and the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive gets of the 20-20-20 Climate and Energy Package (EPBD) provisions bring about energy efficiency im- and the EED. [...] In the most concrete form these values regulations regarding the design and operation of gas represent the price of hypothetical White Certificates, and electricity infrastructure are also required in the reflecting the marginal costs of reaching energy sav- context of the EED; moreover, the EED requires MS ings obligations, e.g.