Budapest Process Briefing paper on Labour Migration Visa Regimes A case study approach. Policy options and

This briefing responds to the need to strengthen the research and knowledge base of the Budapest Process, as endorsed by the Budapest Process Senior Officials in the Implementation Plan of the Call for Action. [...] The open frontier systems presented below are done so to introduce the other regimes as sets of constraints to the free access of migrant workers to the labour market of a country of destination. [...] The higher the level of education and work experience, and hence the likelihood for the migrant to avoid competition with low-skilled nationals, the higher the score. [...] This creates both challenges and opportunities for the local PES: the opportunities include the possibility of a more attractive list of candidates for employers on the national labour market; on the other hand, challenges include the need for the political space to provide employment services to non-citizens. [...] The higher the wages and the better the working conditions of a certain country of destination, the more the visa regime becomes an object of polit- ical debate.