Data and Services Trade: Regulatory Options for a New Globalization - Erik van der Marel –

ai r n el pu ra n nc c e i o v a le p a t R p r c o m ns ns p at n sp u th e p ct ra om u e l a r e s nFi T e pr or ra a r m n co o r u Tn f t a tr & & tr &. [...] & l & & st r C I al Inu Ai r r l ea al l e l ra ce on ct S su on a e th st a -re t u n o u l a C el le vi i O d c n t io es s P ra , t e n d f ., na l nt I u iA ro a P ec h rs o M T Pe 0 2 4 6 Data centres and digital services trade Correlation between Exports of Info. [...] 5 FE Country-year Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes FE Sector-year Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Observations 12118 12118 12118 12118 12118 R2A 0.776 0.777 0.776 0.776 0.779 Results so far • Data localization • Data storage – not for lower developed countries (RCA, LMC, etc.) • Conditional flow regime Results so far • Moreover, regulatory frameworks also matter • Globally, three different data frameworks Models cross-bor. [...] Data protection • EU’s DPD 1998 & GDPR 2018 • “Should offer guarantees ensuring an adequate level of protection essentially equivalent to that ensured within the Union, in particular where personal data are processed” • Independent supervision • Cooperation mechanisms, with EU data protection authorities • Enforceable rights, to EU citizens (data subjects), including redress • Much more regulatory. [...] Conclusion • Digital-based services globalization going on (big) • Intangibles such as data going to play a huge role • Regulatory options best free of localization measures • How would India shift on localization and privacy issues? • How would it pivot to larger markets for digital services trade? Three data models: Taxonomy Cross-border data transfers Domestic data processing OP: Open Transfers.