The colder the ambient air, the lower the efficiency of the heat pump, and the higher the potential level of peak electricity demand. [...] During winter the system reverses, extracting heat from the subsurface to supply the heat demand.23 To avoid excessive cooling of the subsurface, the addition and subtraction of heat from the subsurface by the HCS must be in balance over the course of the year.24 Since HCS systems tap into a hot water source during winter, which has been stored during summer, they have a higher efficiency than ASH. [...] The costs of HCS depend on the exact configuration of the system, and the required (neighbourhood) heating infrastructure, but the cost to connect individual homes to the heating infrastructure is similar to that of district heating (see next section).58 Besides end user costs, there are a number of supply chain costs that add to the total cost of all-electric heat pumps. [...] These include the aforementioned need to increase the capacity of the electricity infrastructure, the cost of ensuring sufficient flexible electricity production capacity, and the cost of additional renewable electricity sources to decrease the CO intensity of the electricity consumed. [...] Electricity and gas infrastructure in the built environment are within the competence of the regional DSO.66 The costs incurred by the DSO are socialised through the grid tariffs the DSO charges to the customers in its service area.
- Pages
- 56
- Published in
- Netherlands
