The Impact of International Migration on Fertility: An Empirical Study

Limitations of the study The analysis is heavily conditioned by the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and would require a complementary analysis in the future, allowing more detailed modeling of the actual impact of the pandemic on the economy and on labor migration trends. [...] The “legge Fornero” allows the harmonization of qualifications across the entire country, and was followed by the interministerial Decree of 30 June 2015, which established a mechanism of mutual recognition among the regional qualifications and skills; and procedures for the validation and certification of nonformal and informal learning. [...] As for policy implementation, given the multilevel governance and the involvement of the regions and local authorities, the coordination is ensured by the National Coordination Board of the Ministry of Interior. [...] The Ministry of Agriculture promotes the integration of migrant workers in the agricultural sector and regular employment, addressing the issue of forced labor and other abusive practices, such as the caporalato. [...] Currently, due to the economic crisis and the collapse of prices of agricultural products, the phenomenon of caporalato has shifted away from the honest work of labor brokers/recruiters/contractors (different terms apply depending on the organization of the workforce at the farm level), as in the past, to an activity associated with problems of labor exploitation (and trafficking at times) (Fondaz.