6 Directive 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on energy efficiency, amending Directives 2009/125/EC and 2010/30/EU and repealing Directives 2004/8/EC and 2006/32/EC, 7 Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy. [...] BACKGROUND TO THE INITIATIVE This section identifies the objectives behind the existing provisions on metering and billing in the IEM legislation and in the EED based on the legislative texts (including their recitals) and 5 on the related Commission proposals and preparatory documents accompanying the latter (impact assessments). [...] Description of the initiative and its objectives The Electricity and Gas Directives as adopted by the co-legislator The recitals of the 2003 Electricity8 and Gas Directives9 as adopted by the co-legislators following the co-decision process reinforce the objectives identified by the Commission10 to a large extent. [...] The EED as adopted by the co-legislator The recitals of the EED as adopted by the co-legislators following the co-decision process to a large extent mirror the objectives identified by the Commission despite the operative provisions being very different. [...] In the context of the Concerted Action on the Energy Services Directive the Member States themselves reported that there is a "large variance in the 28 interpretation of Article 13 of the ESD" and that the Article had "….only limited causal influence on changes in metering & billing policies"54.