India has about 23.9 lakh cases of HIV/AIDS in which male-to-female (TGs)/Hijra form a marginalized sub population with inexplicably high HIV prevalence, of the order of 55%. Transgender persons when on one hand seem to challenge the gender norms by cross-dressing and performing the gender role differently than expected, they also end up embracing the polarity of gender by conforming to the expectation of the opposite gender. Some of the Hijras may be emasculated or nirvana; this procedure is often performed in a traditional ritual. Nonetheless, it is quite possible that some of these may also use other feminisation methods such as hormones or breast implants.
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- South Asian Born-Digital NGO Reports Collection Project
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- Mumbai
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- http://www.humsafar.org/ResDown/RESEARCH%20Feminisation%20and%20Substance%20among%20MSM%20and%20Hijras%20in%20India.pdf
