Towards a Renewed Local Social and Political Covenant in Libya, Syria, And Yemen

These multi-sided interventions have ‘exacer bated the militarization of the Syrian uprising and contributed to the co-optation, fractionalization and sectarianization of the 2011 pro- democracy protest movement’.57 The regime’s key supporters are Russia and Iran, who helped turn the tide by providing weapons, mobilizing militias and keeping the regime afloat 52 Solomon, C., ‘HTS: Evolution of a j. [...] The 1990 union of the country’s north and south never managed to integrate the diverse components of Yemeni society.86 The centralization and manipulation of power by Saleh and his patrons ‘was often perceived as representing only one segment of society’ while alienating others, especially in the context of a fragile and poor state ‘unable to provide services, justice and security to its populatio. [...] 86 In 1990 the Yemen Arab Republic in the north and the People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen in the south agreed to unify into the Republic of Yemen. [...] 2022/10 Local divisions and governance The civil war has led to huge upheavals in local governance, as well as societal fragmentation and civil strife.88 Today, Yemen’s regions are divided among various groups and spheres of influence.89 The port cities of Aden and Mukalla in the south are under the control of the Southern Transitional Council (STC), which—along with the remaining parts of the sou. [...] During the height of Arab nationalism and socialist politics in the 1960s, for example, Egypt and Saudi Arabia competed for regional leadership and fought a proxy war in northern Yemen.97 The internationalization of the current conflict has added another layer of fragmentation to the crisis.