Verifying Nuclear Disarmament : Lessons Learned in South Africa, Iraq and Libya

South Africa invited the IAEA to visit all of the sites associated with the past programme with the goal of verifying the details of the programme and giving assurance that it had been dismantled. [...] Before turning to the first case study, the following two sections clarify the definitions of disarmament and denuclearization and the role of trust, and the different forms of inspection and visit. [...] 12  IAEA, ‘Agreement of 16 September 1991 between the Government of the Republic of South Africa and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the application of safeguards in connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons’, INFCIRC/394, Oct. [...] 28  IAEA, ‘Protocol additional to the agreement between the government of the Republic of South Africa and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the application of safeguards in connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons’, INFCIRC/394/Add.1, 24 Oct. [...] The conditions of the inspections were severe: Iraq was forced to agree to unlimited inspections of any facility and access to any persons the inspectors chose.32 Iraq had no control over the nationality of inspectors, the equipment they used or the length of the inspections.