Economic Integration and the Transmission of Democracy

(2005) and Puga and Trefler (2014) document that, by altering the economic power of different groups in the society, trade can trigger institutional change, and that the direction of the latter depends on the groups that benefit from trade. [...] We consider three ports for the US (on the East Coast, the West Coast, and the gulf of Mexico), and Russia (on the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea, and the Pacific Ocean). [...] Table B.4 lists the set of countries in the survey level analysis, with the corresponding number of waves and the first and the last interview year. [...] In Appendix C.1, we replicate the analysis using additional proxies for support for democracy, which are presented in detail in Table B.2.8 We also complement the IVS with data from the Afrobarometer, including the 16 African countries that are present in the latter but not in the former (Table B.5). [...] We follow Baldwin and Taglioni (2007) also in calculating log(tradeijt) as the average of the log of the two flows between i and j (instead of the log of the mean), and by expressing trade in current US dollars, while controlling for time fixed-effects (instead of deflating by the US CPI).