Neha Ghatak – project management, conceptualisation, development of analytical framework, tool

1Government Provision of ECCE The flagship programme for provision of ECCE services by the government is the Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) which was started in the 1970s with the objective of laying the foundation for holistic and integrated development of children and building the capabilities of caregivers (National ECCE Resolution, 2013). [...] The attainment of literacy and numeracy skills (commonly known as the 3Rs) as the goal of foundational learning fails to recognise the other important skills required for the overall growth of the children in the critical years of early childhood (Ompok et al., 2018). [...] Chapter 1 is the introduction, Chapter 2 sets the context of implementation of BoS based teaching-learning processes in ECCE centres through three focal points, the profile of the centres in which these practices are on-going, the perspectives of parents and the context of communities and lastly, the working conditions of Anganwadi workers. [...] We tried to understand three dimensions of the context: the context of the learning institution (AWC/ School/Centre), the context of home and the community, and the Context of the facilitator (Anganwadi worker – AWW/teacher) including their working conditions along with their interlinkages (Diagram 1). [...] The walls of the AWC, as described earlier, were painted with numbers and alphabets, which the AWW used extensively to ask a child to read the numbers and alphabets using a ruler to point out the number/alphabet and the rest of the children were supposed to follow.