At the global level, the institutions most relevant to the Arctic are the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas (UNCLOS), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). [...] 30 The 12 NGO observers to the Arctic Council are the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea, the Arctic Institute of North America, the Association of World Reindeer Herders, the Circumpolar Conservation Union, the International Arctic Science Committee, the International Arctic Social Sciences Association, the International Union for Circumpolar Health, the International Work Group for Indi. [...] For example, during the creation of the terms of the 2017 Polar Code, environmental groups and NGOs, such as Pacific Environment, actively pushed for the inclusion of the impacts of commercial fishing, a ban on the combustion and transport of heavy fuel oil, and greater regulation of shipping in the Arctic to prevent ships from interfering with marine wildlife.72 The Pew Charitable Trusts, an orga. [...] NGOs, for example, often aim to balance both the protection of the environment and the promotion of human well being in their work in the Arctic.74 This balance helps them to build trust and credibility in the eyes of their stakeholders and to create a brand for themselves.75 In terms of environmental protection, CSOs have actively lobbied the governments of the countries they are based in. [...] Indeed, the ACIA report was pivotal in shaping public understanding of the Arctic as a barometer for the impacts of climate change on the rest of the world and in portraying the region not as a barren polar wasteland but as an ecologically diverse region inhabited by different groups and species.103 The report also established the importance of recognizing Indigenous and local knowledge of the imp.
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