INSTITUTIONAL INNOVATION ECOSYSTEMS TO DRIVE PRODUCTIVITY IN APO MEMBER ECONOMIES

The observed regress in productivity is the result of a precipitous decrease in the underlined productivity measures during the first half of the decade. [...] Some key recommendations in this regard include the establishment of a National Coordinating Agency and National Innovation and Productivity Council, the formulation of relevant regulations to support NIS operationalization, the identification of implementing agencies, the setting of R&D priorities, and the realignment of national priorities in the Fijian education system. [...] The intertemporal analysis of innovation development levels between 2007 and 2017 reveals Mongolia improved its performance in a variety of areas, particularly innovation capacity, the level of NIS activity, the effectiveness of NIS operations, the innovation environment of NIS, the performance of NIS, and science and technology security rating. [...] The Ministry of Industry and Technology, Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK), the Presidency of Strategy and Budget, Council of Higher Education (YOK), and Small and Medium Enterprises Development (KOSGEB) are a few of the institutions that help the nation's ability for innovation to grow. [...] In the context of the economy, productivity measures the efficiency of producing goods by comparing the volume of economic output to the volume of inputs used in their production, such as labor and capital [25].