Sulfur oxides (SOx) emissions were first regulated by the IMO in 1997 in the Protocol to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) and the regulation was reviewed in the following years in Annex VI, Regulation 14. [...] In other cases, they are implemented in both territorial waters and ports (e.g., the restriction in Estonia), in all ports (e.g., the ban on open-loop scrubbers in Kenya), or in port areas and at anchor (e.g., the ban on washwater discharges from open- loop scrubbers in Israel). [...] One example is the Port of Gothenburg in Sweden; in its regulation, updated in 2022, the port prohibits washwater discharges and only allows the use of closed-loop mode in the port area.9 In the case of restrictions in this region, these usually require that vessels get authorization before entering the port or the territorial area (e.g., Estonia and Port of Bilbao), require the use of closed-loop. [...] In Malaysia, the ban applies to territorial waters and in Singapore, the ban was published by the Port Authority of Singapore and applies only to the port area. [...] In the ports under the jurisdiction of the Ports, Customs and Free Zone Corporation in the United Arab Emirates, all scrubber use is banned in territorial waters and in Oman, scrubber use is banned in territorial waters only.
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