The official UN SDG Indicator List and Sustainable Development Report SDG Indicator List were applied for the selection of indicators and for the assessment. [...] Based on data availability and relevance of indicators in relation to the state, three indicators were selected, namely proportion of population below the international poverty line, the proportion of population living below the national poverty line (absolute poverty and relative poverty), and urban and rural relative poverty gap. [...] Based on the Household Income and Basic Amenities Survey by DOSM, the incidence of relative poverty in Penang increased from 11.3% in 2016 to 13.2% in 2019 and 15.3% in 2022. [...] Therefore, it is important to increase the resiliency of the energy system to climate change by, for example, upgrading and protecting the 6 Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia. [...] Being one of the highly industrialised states and a main hub for manufacturing and industrial activities in the country, Penang has performed well in SDG 9.
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